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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

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Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2022, Vol. 16 Issue (6) : 75    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-021-1509-0
RESEARCH ARTICLE
New method for efficient control of hydrogen sulfide and methane in gravity sewers: Combination of NaOH and nitrite
Zicong Zhao1, Jing Yang1, Zigeng Zhang1, Sheping Wang1,2, Zhiqiang Zhang1, Jinsuo Lu1,3,4()
1. School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
2. Xi’an Municipal Engineering Design & Research Institute Co. Ltd., Xi’an 710000, China
3. Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology (Ministry of Education), Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
4. Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
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Abstract

• The combination of NaOH and nitrite was used to control harmful gas in sewers.

• Hydrogen sulfide and methane in airspace were reduced by 96.01% and 91.49%.

• Changes in sewage quality and greenhouse effect by chemical dosing were negligible.

• The strong destructive effects on biofilm slowed down the recovery of harmful gases.

• The cost of the method was only 3.92 × 10−3 $/m3.

An innovative treatment method by the combination of NaOH and nitrite is proposed for controlling hydrogen sulfide and methane in gravity sewers and overcome the drawbacks of the conventional single chemical treatment. Four reactors simulating gravity sewers were set up to assess the effectiveness of the proposed method. Findings demonstrated hydrogen sulfide and methane reductions of about 96.01% and 91.49%, respectively, by the combined addition of NaOH and nitrite. The consumption of NaNO2 decreased by 42.90%, and the consumption rate of NaOH also showed a downward trend. Compared with a single application of NaNO2, the C/N ratio of wastewater was increased to about 0.61 mg COD/mg N. The greenhouse effect of intermediate N2O and residual methane was about 48.80 gCO2/m3, which is far lower than that of methane without control (260 gCO2/m3). Biofilm was destroyed to prevent it from entering the sewage by the chemical additives, which reduced the biomass and inhibited the recovery of biofilm activity to prolong the control time. The sulfide production rate and sulfate reduction rate were reduced by 92.32% and 85.28%, respectively. Compared with conventional control methods, the cost of this new method was only 3.92 × 10−3 $/m3, which is potentially a cost-effective strategy for sulfide and methane control in gravity sewers.
Keywords Sewer corrosion      Sulfide control      Combination treatment      NaOH      Nitrite     
Corresponding Author(s): Jinsuo Lu   
Issue Date: 30 September 2021
 Cite this article:   
Zicong Zhao,Jing Yang,Zigeng Zhang, et al. New method for efficient control of hydrogen sulfide and methane in gravity sewers: Combination of NaOH and nitrite[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(6): 75.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-021-1509-0
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2022/V16/I6/75
Fig.1  Diagram of the laboratory-scale sewer reactors.
Components Concentration (mg/L) ?Components Concentration (mg/L)
Glucose 200 ?FeSO4·7H2O 2
NH4Cl 60 ?Anhydrous CaCl2 3
Na2HPO4·12H2O 25 ?yeast 30
NaH2PO4·12H2O 25 ?carbamide 30
KHCO3 50 ?peptone 20
NaHCO3 130 ?Soy peptone 20
MgSO4·7H2O 50 ?tryptone 20
MnSO4·H2O 2 ?Casein peptone 20
Tab.1  Components of synthetic wastewater
Reactors Day1 Day2 Day3 Day4
R1 — — — —
R2 NaOH — — —
R3 NaNO2 NaNO2 NaNO2 NaNO2
R4 NaOH+ NaNO2 NaNO2 NaNO2 NaNO2
Tab.2  The dosing scheme of each reactor during the dosing stage
Fig.2  Concentrations of H2S (A) and methane (B) in sewer airspace with different treatment approaches during the long-term experimental period.
Fig.3  Consumption of NaOH after chemical dosage in the liquid phase of R2 and R4.
Fig.4  Consumption and transformation of additives after chemical dosage. (A) Concentration of NO2–-N in R3 and R4. (B) N2O concentration in the liquid and gas phases of R3 and R4.
Fig.5  C/N ratio of effluents with different treatment approaches during the long-term experimental period.
Fig.6  Changes in microbial activity in sewer reactors during the long-term experimental period. (A) changes in sulfur production rate (SPR) and (B) change in sulfate reduction rate (SRR).
Fig.7  Contents of biomass (A), released nucleic acid (B), proteins (C) and polysaccharides (D) in the liquid and solid phases with different treatment approaches. The reactors without and with X indicate the parameters detected before and after chemical addition.
Control method Control efficiency Cost ($/m3) Cost ($//kg-S) References
NaOH+ Nitritea 93.59% 3.92 × 10−3 0.37
NaOHb 70%–78% 5.42 × 10−3 – Gutierrez et al. (2014)
Nitriteb 70% 0.02 1.00 Jiang et al. (2010)
FeCl2b 88.2% –95.4% 0.71±0.1 Ganigué et al. (2018)
Online control of FeCl2 dosingb 85% –91.8% 0.49±0.02 Ganigué et al. (2018)
FeSO4b 64% 0.27 Zhang et al. (2016)
FeCl3b 68% 0.014 2.28 Zhang et al. (2016)
Adjust pH+ FeCl2b 62.5% 1.43 × 10−3 0.035 Rathnayake et al. (2017)
Powdered natural magnetiteb 70% 5.71 × 10−3 0.92 Zhang et al. (2016)
Powdered natural hematiteb 79% 4.57 × 10−3 0.73 Zhang et al. (2016)
Magnetite Nanoparticlesb 98.4±0.4% 0.063±0.001 4.19±0.13 Lin et al. (2017b)
Electrochemical oxidation of iron and alkalinity generationb 95.4±4.4% 0.033 2.36 Lin et al. (2017c)
Free nitrous acid 80% 0.01–0.03 Duan et al. (2020)
Oxygen 65% 5.05 Gutierrez et al. (2008)
Mg(OH)2 50% 0.12 Gutierrez et al. (2009)
Tab.3  Comparison of chemical addition costs for the control of sulfide in sewers
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