Distribution of PCDD/Fs in a food waste anaerobic digestion process with biogas utilization

doi:10.1007/s11783-023-1736-7

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2023, Vol. 17

Issue (11) : 136 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-023-1736-7

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Distribution of PCDD/Fs in a food waste anaerobic digestion process with biogas utilization

Junxiao Wei¹, Jinru Zhang¹, Huan Li¹(

), Jianguo Liu^1,²(

), Zhou Deng³, Chao Zhou⁴

¹. Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
². School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
³. Shenzhen Lisai Environmental Technology Co. Ltd., Shenzhen 518055, China
⁴. Shenzhen Municipal Sanitation Department, Shenzhen 518055, China

Download: PDF(2499 KB) HTML
Export: BibTeX | EndNote | Reference Manager | ProCite | RefWorks

Abstract

● The PCDD/F distribution patterns of the FW-AD process were investigated.

● PCDD/F emission characteristics in biogas utilization exhaust gas were revealed.

● A negative balance of 2.48 μg I-TEQ/t RFW was found for the FW-AD process.

● PCDD/F emissions from China’s FW-AD plants were about 128.21 mg I-TEQ in 2020.

● AD will reduce 12.5%–21.3% of PCDD/F emissions compared to co-incineration.

Food waste (FW) is a major component of municipal solid waste (MSW) in developing countries such as China. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a widely-applied FW biological treatment method following MSW classification. With FW diversion from conventional incineration plants, the environmental risk caused by trace toxic pollutants, such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), should be reevaluated. This study investigated a full-scale FW-AD plant in Shenzhen, China, and addressed two important underexplored issues: the distribution patterns of PCDD/Fs during the FW-AD process and PCDD/F emission characteristics of the biogas utilization exhaust gas. Mass balance demonstrated a negative balance of 2.48 μg I-TEQ/t of raw FW (RFW), thus indicating that AD produced moderate PCDD/F emissions. The detailed findings were as follows: 1) PCDD/F toxic equivalents (TEQs) in pure FW (RFW without impurities) were lower than in RFW, indicating that MSW source separation is crucial for decreasing the PCDD/F input into the AD system; 2) PCDD/F contents (6.20–8.27 pg I-TEQ/g dry weight) in solid digestate were near the screening value of development land in China’s national standard (GB36600-2018), thus indicating that the potential environmental risk from the land application of solid digestate should be considered; and 3) PCDD/F TEQs (0.001–0.022 ng I-TEQ/Nm³) in biogas utilization exhaust gas were roughly equivalent to those produced by MSW incinerators in Shenzhen. This study indicated that compared with co-incineration with other waste, FW-AD will reduce PCDD/F emissions (air) from MSW incineration plants by 12.5%–21.3% at the national level under an FW separation scenario.

Keywords Biological treatment MSW classification Mass balance Solid digestate

Corresponding Author(s): Huan Li,Jianguo Liu

About author:

* Both are co-first authors.

Issue Date: 15 November 2023

Cite this article:

Junxiao Wei,Jinru Zhang,Huan Li, et al. Distribution of PCDD/Fs in a food waste anaerobic digestion process with biogas utilization[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2023, 17(11): 136.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-023-1736-7
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2023/V17/I11/136

Fig.1 Material balance and sampling sites of the food waste anaerobic digestion (FW-AD) process (#1 through #13 refer to the sampling sites. Biogas (DeH₂S) means desulfurized biogas).

Tab.1 PCDD/F concentrations in the samples during the entire FW-AD process

Fig.2 Mass balance of the PCDD/Fs in the food waste aerobic digestion (FW-AD) process (raw food waste: RFW; steam generation: SG; exhaust gas: EG; combined heat and power: CHP).

Fig.3 Proportion of PCDD/F congeners to Cl_1–8CDD/Fs in the samples. (a) Mass concentration; (b) TEQs (Acid sludge means acidification sludge. BG means biogas. DeH₂S BG means desulfurization of biogas. EG (SG) means exhaust gas from steam generator. EG (CHP) means exhaust gas from the combination of heat and power).

1	E Abad, M A Adrados, J Caixach, J Rivera. (2002). Dioxin abatement strategies and mass balance at a municipal waste management plant. Environmental Science & Technology, 36(1): 92–99 https://doi.org/10.1021/es010039j
2	P Adriaens, D Grbic’-Galic (1994). Reductive dechlorination of PCDD/F by anaerobic cultures and sediments. Chemosphere, 29(9–11): 2253–2259 https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(94)90392-1
3	J Akunna (2018). Anaerobic Digestion (AD) of organic solid residues and biosolids. In: Anaer-obic Waste-Wastewater Treatment and Biogas Plants. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 41–53
4	M Altarawneh, B Z Dlugogorski, E M Kennedy, J C Mackie. (2009). Mechanisms for formation, chlorination, dechlorination and destruction of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 35(3): 245–274 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2008.12.001
5	E R Altwicker (1996). Formation of PCDDF in municipal solid waste incinerators: laboratory and modeling studies. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 47(1–3): 137–161 https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3894(95)00121-2
6	A L Barkovskii, P Adriaens. (1998). Impact of humic constituents on microbial dechlorination of polychlorinated dioxins. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 17(6): 1013–1020 https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620170606
7	H Bartelds (1993). Dioxin formation during landfill gas combustion. Apeldoorn: Adviescentrum Stortgas
8	B Baştabak, G Koçar. (2020). A review of the biogas digestate in agricultural framework. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 22(5): 1318–1327 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-020-01056-9
9	J G P Born, P Mulder, R Louw. (1993). Fly ash mediated reactions of phenol and monochlorophenols: oxychlorination, deep oxidation, and condensation. Environmental Science & Technology, 27(9): 1849–1863 https://doi.org/10.1021/es00046a013
10	R C Brändli, T D Bucheli, T Kupper, R Furrer, F Stadelmann, J Tarradellas. (2005). Persistent organic pollutants in source-separated compost and its feedstock materials: a review of field studies. Journal of Environmental Quality, 34(3): 735–760 https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2004.0333
11	R C Brändli, T Kupper, T D Bucheli, M Zennegg, S Huber, D Ortelli, J Müller, C Schaffner, S Iozza, P Schmid, et al. (2007). Organic pollutants in compost and digestate. Part 2. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and-furans, dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls, brominated flame retardants, perfluorinated alkyl substances, pesticides, and other compounds. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 9(5): 465–472 https://doi.org/10.1039/B617103F
12	M Bunge, L Adrian, A Kraus, M Opel, W G Lorenz, J R Andreesen, H Görisch, U Lechner. (2003). Reductive dehalogenation of chlorinated dioxins by an anaerobic bacterium. Nature, 421(6921): 357–360 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01237
13	M Bunge, U Lechner. (2009). Anaerobic reductive dehalogenation of polychlorinated dioxins. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 84(3): 429–444 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-009-2084-7
14	Y Chang, C Liu, C Hung, A Hu, S Chen. (2008). Change in MSW characteristics under recent management strategies in Taiwan (China). Waste Management (New York, N.Y.), 28(12): 2443–2455 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.10.014
15	L Chen, G Msigwa, M Yang, A Osman, A Fawzy, D Rooney, P Yap. (2022). Strategies to achieve a carbon neutral society: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 20(4): 2277–2310 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-022-01435-8
16	Q Chen (2015). Study on NOx Emission Control on Landfill Biogas Generator. Changsha: Hunan University, 1–63 (in Chinese)
17	T Chen, X Qiu, H Feng, J Yin, D Shen. (2021). Solid digestate disposal strategies to reduce the environmental impact and energy consumption of food waste-based biogas systems. Bioresource Technology, 325: 124706 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124706
18	D Cleverly, J Schaum, G Schweer, J Becker, D Winters. (1997). The congener profiles of anthropogenic sources of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and chlorinated dibenzofurans in the United States. Organohalogen Compounds, 32: 430–435
19	J Dai, M Xu, J Chen, X Yang, Z Ke. (2007). PCDD/F, PAH and heavy metals in the sewage sludge from six wastewater treatment plants in Beijing, China. Chemosphere, 66(2): 353–361 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.04.072
20	R Dalke, D Demro, Y Khalid, H Wu, M Urgun-Demirtas. (2021). Current status of anaerobic digestion of food waste in the United States. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 151: 111554 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111554
21	D de Clercq, Z Wen, F Fan, L Caicedo. (2016). Biomethane production potential from restaurant food waste in megacities and project level-bottlenecks: a case study in Beijing. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 59: 1676–1685 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.323
22	S Dutta, M He, X Xiong, D Tsang. (2021). Sustainable management and recycling of food waste anaerobic digestate: a review. Bioresource Technology, 341: 125915 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125915
23	ECN (2021). Treatment of Bio-Waste in Europe. Bochum: ECN
24	X Fei, W Jia, T Chen, Y Ling. (2021). Life-cycle assessment of two food waste disposal processes based on anaerobic digestion in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 293: 126113 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126113
25	H Fiedler, O Hutzinger (1992). Sources and sinks of dioxins: Germany. Chemosphere, 25(7–10): 1487–1491 https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(92)90174-P
26	R A Fjeld, N A Eisenberg, K L Compton (2007). Food Chain Transport. In: Fjeld R A, Eisenberg N, Compton K, editors. Quantitative Environmental Risk Analysis for Human Health. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 183–198
27	Z Fu, S Lin, H Tian, Y Hao, B Wu, S Liu, L Luo, X Bai, Z Guo, Y Lv. (2022). A comprehensive emission inventory of hazardous air pollutants from municipal solid waste incineration in China. Science of the Total Environment, 826: 154212 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154212
28	A S Giwa, H Xu, F Chang, X Zhang, N Ali, J Yuan, K Wang. (2019). Pyrolysis coupled anaerobic digestion process for food waste and recalcitrant residues: fundamentals, challenges, and considerations. Energy Science & Engineering, 7(6): 2250–2264 https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.503
29	O Golovko, L Ahrens, J Schelin, M Sörengård, K J Bergstrand, H Asp, M Hultberg, K Wiberg. (2022). Organic micropollutants, heavy metals and pathogens in anaerobic digestate based on food waste. Journal of Environmental Management, 313: 114997 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114997
30	X Y Gu, J Z Liu, J W C Wong. (2018). Control of lactic acid production during hydrolysis and acidogenesis of food waste. Bioresource Technology, 247: 711–715 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.166
31	L K Gustavsson, N Klee, H Olsman, H Hollert, M Engwall. (2004). Fate of Ah Receptor agonists during biological treatment of an industrial sludge containing explosives and pharmaceutical residues. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 11(6): 379–387 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02979656
32	D Hanson. (1994). EPA study points to health risks of dioxins and similar compounds. Chemical and Engineering News, 72(22): 13–14 https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v072n022.p013
33	IEA (2018). Food Waste Digestion: Anaerobic Digestion of Food Waste for a Circular Economy. Pairs: IEA
34	T Krauß, P Krauß, H Hagenmaier (1994). Formation of PCDD/PCDF during composting? Chemosphere, 28(1): 155–158 https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(94)90209-7
35	J Kuo, J Dow. (2017). Biogas production from anaerobic digestion of food waste and relevant air quality implications. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 67(9): 1000–1011 https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2017.1316326
36	R Lei, W Liu, X Wu, T Ni, T Jia. (2020). A review of levels and profiles of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in different environmental media from China. Chemosphere, 239: 124685 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124685
37	R Lei, Z Xu, Y Xing, W Liu, X Wu, T Jia, S Sun, Y He. (2021). Global status of dioxin emission and China’s role in reducing the emission. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 418: 126265 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126265
38	J Li, L Li, M Suvarna, L Pan, M Tabatabaei, Y S Ok, X Wang. (2022). Wet wastes to bioenergy and biochar: a critical review with future perspectives. Science of the Total Environment, 817: 152921 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.152921
39	J Li, Y Wu, L Zhang, Y Zhao. (2007). Dietary intake of polychlorinated dioxins, furans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls from foods of animal origin in China. Food Additives and Contaminants, 24(2): 186–193 https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030600970366
40	Y Li, Y Jin, A Borrion, H Li. (2019). Current status of food waste generation and management in China. Bioresource Technology, 273: 654–665 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.10.083
41	X Lin, M Li, Z Chen, T Chen, X Li, C Wang, S Lu, J Yan. (2020). Long-term monitoring of PCDD/Fs in soils in the vicinity of a hazardous waste incinerator in China: temporal variations and environmental impacts. Science of the Total Environment, 713: 136717 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136717
42	J Liu, S Yu, Y Shang. (2020). Toward separation at source: evolution of municipal solid waste management in China. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 14(2): 36 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-020-1232-2
43	X Liu, H Khalid, F R Amin, X Ma, X Li, C Chen, G Liu. (2018). Effects of hydraulic retention time on anaerobic digestion performance of food waste to produce methane as a biofuel. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 11: 348–357 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2018.06.004
44	M Lu, X Wu, D Zeng, Y Liao. (2012). Distribution of PCDD/Fs and organometallic compounds in sewage sludge of wastewater treatment plants in China. Environmental Pollution, 171: 78–84 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.07.035
45	M Muñoz, M F Gomez-Rico, R Font. (2014). PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB concentrations during municipal solid waste biomethanation and subsequent composting. Chemosphere, 98: 73–77 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.004
46	C Negri, M Ricci, M Zilio, G D’Imporzano, W Qiao, R Dong, F Adani. (2020). Anaerobic digestion of food waste for bio-energy production in China and Southeast Asia: a review. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 133: 110138 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110138
47	Q Y C Ng, A H M Chan, S W Y Ma (2008). A study of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the livestock waste compost of Hong Kong, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 57(6–12): 381–391 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.02.012
48	Y Ni, H Zhang, S Fan, X Zhang, Q Zhang, J Chen. (2009). Emissions of PCDD/Fs from municipal solid waste incinerators in China. Chemosphere, 75(9): 1153–1158 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.02.051
49	J O’Connor, B Mickan, J Rinklebe, H Song, K Siddique, H Wang, M Kirkham, N Bolan. (2022). Environmental implications, potential value, and future of food-waste anaerobic digestate management: a review. Journal of Environmental Management, 318: 115519 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115519
50	H Olsman, A Schnürer, H Björnfoth, Bavel B van, M Engwall. (2007). Fractionation and determination of Ah Receptor (AhR) agonists in organic waste after anaerobic biodegradation and in batch experiments with PCB and decaBDE. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 14(S1): 36–43 https://doi.org/10.1065/espr2006.12.369
51	U Onydinma, L Aljerf, A Obike, O Onah, N Caleb. (2021). Evaluation of physicochemical characteristics and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in borehole waters around automobile workshops in Southeastern Nigeria. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 14: 100615 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2021.100615
52	A Pivato, S Vanin, R Raga, M Lavagnolo, A Barausse, A Rieple, A Laurent, R Cossu. (2016). Use of digestate from a decentralized on-farm biogas plant as fertilizer in soils: an ecotoxicological study for future indicators in risk and life cycle assessment. Waste Management (New York, N.Y.), 49: 378–389 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.12.009
53	C V Preble, S S Chen, T Hotchi, M D Sohn, R L Maddalena, M L Russell, N J Brown, C D Scown, T W Kirchstetter. (2020). Air pollutant emission rates for dry anaerobic digestion and composting of organic municipal solid waste. Environmental Science & Technology, 54(24): 16097–16107 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c03953
54	E Rada, M Ragazzi. (2008). Critical analysis of PCDD/F emissions from anaerobic digestion. Water Science and Technology, 58(9): 1721–1725 https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.501
55	E C Rada, A Franzinelli, M Ragazzi, V Panaitescu, T Apostol. (2007). Modelling of PCDD/F release from MSW bio-drying. Chemosphere, 68(9): 1669–1674 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.03.075
56	D Shi, W Wu, S Lu, T Chen, H Huang, Y Chen, J Yan (2008). Effect of MSW source-classified collection on the emission of PCDDs/Fs and heavy metals from incineration in China. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 153(1–2): 685–694 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.09.026
57	P C Slorach, H K Jeswani, R Cuéllar-Franca, A Azapagic. (2019). Environmental sustainability of anaerobic digestion of household food waste. Journal of Environmental Management, 236: 798–814 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.001
58	M Sposob, H S Moon, D Lee, T H Kim, Y M Yun. (2020). Comprehensive analysis of the microbial communities and operational parameters of two full-scale anaerobic digestion plants treating food waste in Korea: Seasonal variation and effect of ammonia. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 398: 122975 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122975
59	G Srisowmeya, M Chakravarthy, G Nandhini Devi. (2020). Critical considerations in two-stage anaerobic digestion of food waste: a review. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 119: 109587 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109587
60	S Stohs (2016). Dioxins and related compounds in the human food chain. In: Bagchi D, Swaroop A, editors. Food Toxicology. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 303–314
61	K Suominen, M Verta, S Marttinen (2014). Hazardous organic compounds in biogas plant end products-Soil burden and risk to food safety. Science of the Total Environment, 491–492: 192–199 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.036
62	E Svensson Myrin, P E Persson, S Jansson. (2014). The influence of food waste on dioxin formation during incineration of refuse-derived fuels. Fuel, 132: 165–169 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.04.083
63	H Tian, X Wang, E Y Lim, J T E Lee, A W L Ee, J Zhang, Y W Tong. (2021). Life cycle assessment of food waste to energy and resources: centralized and decentralized anaerobic digestion with different downstream biogas utilization. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 150: 111489 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111489
64	T Tsukamoto, M Sasaki, Y Sato, Y Ikenaga, T Kawakami, O Futamura. (1998). Reduction of total dioxin emissions from MSW incinerators. Organohalogen Compounds, 36: 325–328
65	A T Ubando, A J R Del Rosario, W Chen, A B Culaba. (2021). A state-of-the-art review of biowaste biorefinery. Environmental Pollution, 269: 116149 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116149
66	US EPA (2020). Dioxins in Sewage Sludge. Federal Triangle? Washington: US EPA
67	N Wang, D Huang, C Zhang, M Shao, Q Chen, J Liu, Z Deng, Q Xu. (2021). Long-term characterization and resource potential evaluation of the digestate from food waste anaerobic digestion plants. Science of the Total Environment, 794: 148785 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148785
68	P Wang, F Yan, J Cai, F Xie, X Shen, X Wei, G Yang, R Zhong, J Huang, Z Li, Z Zhang. (2022). Emission levels and phase distributions of PCDD/Fs in a full-scale municipal solid waste incinerator: the impact of wet scrubber system. Journal of Cleaner Production, 337: 130468 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130468
69	H Weber, R Hamann, G Disse, H Haupt. (1997). Influence of different treatment methods for sewage sludge on the levels of chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans. Organohalogen Compounds, 32: 394–399
70	J Wei, H Li, J Liu. (2021a). Fate of dioxins in a municipal solid waste incinerator with state-of-the-art air pollution control devices in China. Environmental Pollution, 289: 117798 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117798
71	J Wei, H Li, J Liu. (2021b). Phase distribution of PCDD/Fs in flue gas from municipal solid waste incinerator with ultra-low emission control in China. Chemosphere, 276: 130166 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130166
72	M Wilken, B Cornelsen, B Zeschmar-Lahl, J Jager (1992). Distribution of PCDD/PCDF and other organochlorine compounds in different municipal solid waste fractions. Chemosphere, 25(7–10): 1517–1523 https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(92)90179-U
73	C Xhrouet, C Pirard, E De Pauw. (2001). De novo synthesis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans on fly ash from a sintering process. Environmental Science & Technology, 35(8): 1616–1623 https://doi.org/10.1021/es000199f
74	H Xia, J Tang, L Aljerf. (2022). Dioxin emission prediction based on improved deep forest regression for municipal solid waste incineration process. Chemosphere, 294: 133716 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133716
75	N Yang, A Damgaard, C Scheutz, L Shao, P He. (2018). A comparison of chemical MSW compositional data between China and Denmark. Journal of Environmental Sciences-China, 74: 1–10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2018.02.010
76	G Zhang, J Hai, J Cheng. (2012). Characterization and mass balance of dioxin from a large-scale municipal solid waste incinerator in China. Waste Management (New York, N.Y.), 32(6): 1156–1162 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.01.024
77	H Zhang, Y Ni, J Chen, Q Zhang. (2008). Influence of variation in the operating conditions on PCDD/F distribution in a full-scale MSW incinerator. Chemosphere, 70(4): 721–730 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.06.054
78	L Zhang, J Li, X Liu, Y Zhao, X Li, S Wen, Y Wu. (2013). Dietary intake of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs from the Chinese total diet study in 2007. Chemosphere, 90(5): 1625–1630 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.08.040
79	L Zhang, G Liu, S Li, L Yang, S Chen. (2022). Model framework to quantify the effectiveness of garbage classification in reducing dioxin emissions. Science of the Total Environment, 814: 151941 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151941
80	L Zhang, S Yin, X Wang, J Li, Y Zhao, X Li, H Shen, Y Wu. (2015). Assessment of dietary intake of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls from the Chinese total diet study in 2011. Chemosphere, 137: 178–184 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.07.031
81	Z Zhang, W Han, X Chen, N Yang, C Lu, Y Wang. (2019). The life-cycle environmental impact of recycling of restaurant food waste in Lanzhou, China. Applied Sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 9(17): 3608 https://doi.org/10.3390/app9173608
82	G Zheng, J Liu, Z Shao, T Chen. (2020). Emission characteristics and health risk assessment of VOCs from a food waste anaerobic digestion plant: a case study of Suzhou, China. Environmental Pollution, 257: 113546 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113546
83	R Zhong, C Wang, Z Zhang, Q Liu, Z Cai. (2020). PCDD/F levels and phase distributions in a full-scale municipal solid waste incinerator with co-incinerating sewage sludge. Waste Management (New York, N.Y.), 106: 110–119 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.03.020
84	F Zhu, X Li, J W Lu, J Hai, J Zhang, B Xie, C Hong. (2018). Emission characteristics of PCDD/Fs in stack gas from municipal solid waste incineration plants in Northern China. Chemosphere, 200: 23–29 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.092
85	J Zhuang, J Tang, L Aljerf. (2022). Comprehensive review on mechanism analysis and numerical simulation of municipal solid waste incineration process based on mechanical grate. Fuel, 320: 123826 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.123826

[1]

FSE-23031-OF-WJX_suppl_1

Download

[1]	Jinhui Liang, Yuchen Luo, Benhang Li, Shiqi Liu, Liansheng Yang, Peng Gao, Li Feng, Yongze Liu, Ziwen Du, Liqiu Zhang. Removal efficiencies of natural and synthetic progesterones in hospital wastewater treated by different disinfection processes[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(10): 126-.
[2]	Yaocheng Fan, Tiancui Li, Deshou Cun, Haibing Tang, Yanran Dai, Feihua Wang, Wei Liang. Removal of arsenic by pilot-scale vertical flow constructed wetland[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2021, 15(4): 79-.
[3]	Yanqing Duan, Aijuan Zhou, Xiuping Yue, Zhichun Zhang, Yanjuan Gao, Yanhong Luo, Xiao Zhang. Acceleration of the particulate organic matter hydrolysis by start-up stage recovery and its original microbial mechanism[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2021, 15(1): 12-.
[4]	Jianguo Liu, Shuyao Yu, Yixuan Shang. Toward separation at source: Evolution of Municipal Solid Waste management in China[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2020, 14(2): 36-.
[5]	Jie GAO, Jun HUANG, Weiwei CHEN, Bin WANG, Yujue WANG, Shubo DENG, Gang YU. Fate and removal of typical pharmaceutical and personal care products in a wastewater treatment plant from Beijing: a mass balance study[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2016, 10(3): 491-501.
[6]	Lin WANG, Yongmei LI, Xiaoling SHANG, Jing SHEN. Occurrence and removal of N-nitrosodimethylamine and its precursors in wastewater treatment plants in and around Shanghai[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2014, 8(4): 519-530.
[7]	Min LIU, Rusong WANG, Jinlou HUANG. *Effects of in situ* biological treatments on heavy metal release of urban river sediment**[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2014, 8(4): 607-615.
[8]	Marla C. MANIQUIZ, Lee-Hyung KIM, Soyoung LEE, Jiyeon CHOI. Flow and mass balance analysis of eco-bio infiltration system[J]. Front Envir Sci Eng, 2012, 6(5): 612-619.
[9]	John WANG, Peng JIN, Paul L. BISHOP, Fuzhi LI. Upgrade of three municipal wastewater treatment lagoons using a high surface area media[J]. Front Envir Sci Eng, 2012, 6(2): 288-293.
[10]	WEI Qun, HU Zhiquan, LI Genbao, XIAO Bo, SUN Hao, TAO Meiping. Removing nitrogen and phosphorus from simulated wastewater using algal biofilm technique[J]. Front.Environ.Sci.Eng., 2008, 2(4): 446-451.
[11]	QIAN Yi, WEN Xianghua, HUANG Xia. Development and application of some renovated technologies for municipal wastewater treatment in China[J]. Front.Environ.Sci.Eng., 2007, 1(1): 1-12.

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed