Application of nanozymes in problematic biofilm control: progress, challenges and prospects

doi:10.1007/s11783-024-1896-0

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2024, Vol. 18

Issue (11) : 136 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-024-1896-0

Application of nanozymes in problematic biofilm control: progress, challenges and prospects

Junzheng Zhang^1,², Tong Dou^1,², Yun Shen³, Wenrui Wang^1,², Luokai Wang¹, Xuanhao Wu¹, Meng Zhang^1,², Dongsheng Wang^1,²(

), Pingfeng Yu^1,²(

)

¹. College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
². Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiashan 314100, China
³. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA

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Abstract

● The milestones underlying studies and mechanisms are summarized.

● Problematic biofilms can be removed by nanozymes through multiple strategies.

● Surface reactivity regulation can improve the antibiofilm efficiency of nanozymes.

● Machine learning-assisted nanozyme design can help improve treatment efficiency.

Current microbial control strategies face challenges in keeping up with the escalation of microbial problems due to the presence of biofilms. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop effective and robust strategies to control problematic biofilms in water treatment and reuse systems. Nanozymes, which have intrinsic biocatalytic activity and broad antibacterial spectra, hold promise for controlling resilient biofilms. This review summarizes the milestones of nanozyme studies and their applications as antibiofilm agents. The mechanisms behind the antibacterial, quorum quenching, and depolymerizing properties of nanozymes with different enzyme activities are discussed. Notably, the surface and composition of nanozymes are crucial for their efficacy in biofilm control; thus, rationally designed nanozymes can increase their effectiveness. Additionally, the challenges of nanozymes as antibiofilm agents in realistic scenarios are investigated along with proposed strategies to overcome these challenges. Prospects of nanozyme-based biofilm control, such as machine learning-assisted nanozyme design, are also discussed. Overall, this review highlights the potential of nanozymes as antibiofilm agents and provides insights into the future design of nanozymes for biofilm control.

Keywords Nanozymes Biofilm Antibacterial mechanisms Rational design Machine learning

Corresponding Author(s): Dongsheng Wang,Pingfeng Yu

Issue Date: 13 September 2024

Cite this article:

Junzheng Zhang,Tong Dou,Yun Shen, et al. Application of nanozymes in problematic biofilm control: progress, challenges and prospects[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2024, 18(11): 136.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-024-1896-0
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2024/V18/I11/136

Fig.1 Development timeline of nanozymes. Nanozymes are a type of nanomaterial with enzyme-like activities that possesses inherent biocatalytic effects and broad antibacterial spectra.

Nanozymes	Enzyme mimicked	Bacterial types	Anti-biofilm mechanism	Reference
MoSe₂ nanoflowers	Glutathione oxidase and Peroxidase	S. aureus	Generation of •OH	Gao et al. (2023b)
CoPt@G@GO_x	Peroxidase	Streptococcus mutans	Generation of •OH	Dong et al. (2022)
Ag-MXene	Peroxidase	E. coli, S. aureus	Generation of •OH	Chen et al. (2024)
CAT-NP	Peroxidase	Streptococcus mutans	Generation of •OH	Gao et al. (2016)
Au/g-C₃N₄	Peroxidase	E. coli, S. aureus	Generation of •OH	Wang et al. (2017)
Co–MoS₂	Haloperoxidase	E. coli, S. aureus	Generation of HOBr	Luo et al. (2022)
AgPd_0.38	Oxidase	E. coli, P. aureginosa	Generation of ¹O₂	Gao et al. (2021)
PS-CDs-MnO₂	Oxidase	S. aureus	Generation of ¹O₂	Liu et al. (2023b)
DMAE	DNase	S. aureus	Hydrolyzing eDNA	Chen et al. (2016)
GO-NTA-Ce	DNase	S. aureus	Hydrolyzing eDNA	Hu et al. (2022)
MOF_{–2.5Au–Ce}	Peroxidase and DNase	S. aureus	Generation of •OH and hydrolyzing eDNA	Liu et al. (2019c)
CS@Fe/CDs	Peroxidase	S. aureus, P. aureginosa	Generation of •OH and change the cell membrane permeability	Pan et al. (2022)
Zn-N_x-C	Lactonase	P. aeruginosa	Hydrolyzing QS signaling compound	Gao et al. (2023a)
CeO_2–x nanorods	Haloperoxidase	E. coli	Oxidative quorum sensing signal compounds	Hu et al. (2018)
CeO₂	Haloperoxidase	P. aeruginosa	Oxidative quorum sensing signal compounds	Jegel et al. (2022)
Cu–Fe₃O₄	Horseradish peroxidas, Superoxide dismutase and Catalase	MRSA	Interfere with metabolic and quorum sensing processes	Jin et al. (2024)
MoS₂/rGO	Oxidase, peroxidase and catalase	E. coli, S. aureus	Elevated bacterial capture capacity and ROS destruction	Wang et al. (2020a)
Defect-richCu-nanowire	Peroxidase	E. coli, S. aureus	Enhanced bacteria binding capacity and Generation of •OH	Cao et al. (2019)
MOF@Au NPs	DNase	S. aureus	Hydrolyzing eDNA and enhanced penetration of nanozyme	Guo et al. (2023)
Pd@Ir	Oxidase, peroxidase and catalase	MRSA, E. coli	Enhanced generated of •OH and ¹O₂	Ye et al. (2022)

Tab.1 Summary of nanozymes for anti-biofilms mechanism and applications

Fig.2 Biofilm composition and mechanism of nanozymes for biofilm control. A biofilm is a microenvironment harboring diverse microorganisms and composed of a wide variety of EPSs. On the basis of the biofilm characteristics and formation processes, various strategies can be used for nanozyme-based biofilm control, including bacterial inactivation, EPS degradation and the quenching of quorum sensing molecules.

Fig.3 Schematic of the mechanism by which nanozymes control biofilm formation through bacterial inactivation. (a) Biofilm disruption under acidic conditions by CAT-NP/H₂O₂. Reprinted from Gao et al. (2016), copyright 2016 Elsevier Ltd. (b) Br^– oxidation by bromoperoxidase-mimicking Co-MoS₂. Reprinted from Luo et al. (2022), copyright 2022 American Chemical Society. (c) PSPG-mediated antibacterial and antibiofilm activity. Reprinted from Du et al. (2023), copyright 2023 Elsevier Ltd.

Fig.4 Schematic diagram of the use of nanozymes for biofilm control through EPS degradation. (a) multinuclear metal complex-based DNase-mimetic artificial enzyme for matrix cleavage of bacterial biofilms. Reprinted from Chen et al. (2016), Copyright 2016 Wiley-VCH. (b) GO-NTA-Ce construction and its application to the eradication of biofilms. Reprinted from Hu et al. (2022), Copyright 2022 Royal Society of Chemistry. (c) MOF-Au-Ce for anti-biofilm applications. Reprinted from Liu et al. (2019c), Copyright 2019 Elsevier Ltd. (d) CS@Fe/CDs-based nanozyme for bacterial biofilm elimination. Reprinted from Pan et al. (2022), Copyright 2022 Elsevier Ltd.

Fig.5 Schematic diagram of the use of nanozymes for biofilm control through quorum quenching. (a) Design concept of the antifouling NER-AC/Mag-S-MPS platform. Reprinted from Lee et al. (2014), copyright 2014 American Chemical Society. (b) Schematic diagram of an enzyme-immobilized nanofiltration membrane based on quorum quenching. Reprinted from Kim et al., (2011), copyright 2011 American Chemical Society. (c) Schematic diagram of the enhanced anti-biofouling nanohybrid membrane based on quorum quenching. Reprinted from Zhu et al., (2018), copyright 2018 Elsevier Ltd. (d) Schematic diagram of nanozyme-enabled quenching of bacterial communication for the prevention of biofilm formation. Reprinted from Gao et al., (2023a), copyright 2023 Wiley-VCH. (e) Schematic diagram of the fabrication of ceria NR (CeO_2–x) nanofibrous mats by electrospinning to combat biofouling. Reprinted from Hu et al., (2018), copyright 2018 American Chemical Society.

Fig.6 Structure-activity relationships of nanozymes. (a) Modulation effects of nanostructures and their properties on the catalytic activity of nanozymes. Reprinted from Wang et al. (2020b), copyright 2020 Elsevier Ltd. (b) Defect-engineered Fe-N-C single-atom nanozyme. Reprinted from Zhang et al. (2022), copyright 2022 Wiley-VCH. (c) Chemical identification of the catalytically active and substrate binding sites on graphene quantum dots. Reprinted from Sun et al. (2015), copyright 2015 Wiley-VCH.

Fig.7 Strategies for improving the selectivity and specificity of nanozymes. (a) Efficient eradication of bacterial biofilms with highly specific graphene-based nanocomposite sheets. Reprinted from Wang et al. (2021b), copyright 2021 American Chemical Society. (b) Defect-rich adhesive nanozymes as efficient antibiotics for enhanced bacterial inhibition. Reprinted from Cao et al. (2019), copyright 2019 Wiley-VCH. (c) Charge-switchable nanozymes for bioorthogonal imaging of biofilm-associated infections. Reprinted from Gupta et al. (2018), copyright 2018 American Chemical Society. (d) Microenvironment-activated nanozyme-armed bacteriophages efficiently combat bacterial infection. Reprinted from Jin et al. (2023), copyright 2023 Wiley-VCH.

Fig.8 Strategies for enhancing the permeability of nanozymes in biofilms and the cascading mechanism of multifunctional nanozymes. (a) Penetration and photodynamic ablation of drug-resistant biofilms by cationic iron oxide nanoparticles. Reprinted from Jin et al. (2022), copyright 2022 Elsevier Ltd. (b) Photomodulable bacteriophage-spike nanozymes enable dually enhanced biofilm penetration and bacterial capture. Reprinted from Wu et al. (2023), copyright 2023 Wiley-VCH. (c) Eradicating biofilms through the multi-enzyme-like functionalities of the Pd@Ir nanozymes. Reprinted from Ye et al. (2022), copyright 2022American Chemical Society.

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