High doses of polypropylene and polyvinyl chloride microplastics affect the microbial community and nutrient status of vineyard soils

doi:10.1007/s11783-025-1926-6

2025, Vol. 19

Issue (1) : 6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-025-1926-6

High doses of polypropylene and polyvinyl chloride microplastics affect the microbial community and nutrient status of vineyard soils

Erika Jez¹, Elisa Pellegrini², Melita Sternad Lemut¹, Maria De Nobili², Marco Contin²(

)

¹. University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska cesta 13, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
². Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy

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Abstract

The escalating use of plastic materials in viticulture causes release of microplastics (MPs) into vineyard soils. This study examines the impact on soil health of polypropylene (PP) raffia and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tube strings, commonly mulched into the topsoil after use. A 120-d incubation experiment was conducted with soils exposed to high doses (10 g/kg) of microplastics (MPs) from standard, new and used strings. The study investigated alterations in the microbial community, bioavailability of macronutrients (NH₄⁺ and NO₃^–, P, K, Ca, Mg), and bioavailability of micronutrients (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mg). The presence of MPs significantly stressed the soil microbial community, reducing microbial biomass by 30% after 30 d, with the exception of PVC in acid soil, which caused an unexpected increase of about 60%. The metabolic quotient (qCO₂) doubled in MP-polluted soils, with PVC exerting a more pronounced effect than PP. Basal respiration increased by 25% relative to the acid control soil. PVC MPs raised soil pH from 6.2 to 7.2 and firmly reduced the bioavailability of micronutrients, particularly in acidic soils, and led to a 98% reduction in nitrate (NO₃^–). The availability of NH₄⁺, P, K, Mg decreased by 10% and Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn by 30%. However, Ca availability increased by 30%, despite shifting from the acid-soluble fraction to soil organic matter and crystalline minerals. Calcareous soil was generally more resilient to changes than the acid soil. These findings underscore the urgent need to investigate the long-term effects of MPs from viticulture on soil properties and health.

Keywords Microplastics Soil Nutrient bioavailability Microbial community Viticulture

Corresponding Author(s): Marco Contin

Issue Date: 29 October 2024

Cite this article:

Erika Jez,Elisa Pellegrini,Melita Sternad Lemut, et al. High doses of polypropylene and polyvinyl chloride microplastics affect the microbial community and nutrient status of vineyard soils[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2025, 19(1): 6.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-025-1926-6
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2025/V19/I1/6

Tab.1 Main physico-chemical properties of soils

Fig.1 Effect of PP and PVC microplastics on soil microbial biomas (GIR), basal respiration (BR), metabolic quotient (qCO₂) and microbial diversity, Shannon-Weaver index (H’) obtained from the SIR bioassays in calcareous and acid soil after 120 d of incubation. Control are soils without MPs. Error bars represent standard error of three replicates.

Tab.2 Soil pH, total organic carbon (TOC) and bioavailability of micronutrients in vineyard soils after 120 d of incubation for control (no MPs) and MPs polluted calcareous and acid soil

Fig.2 Nitrate (NO₃⁻) and ammonium (NH₄⁺) content in calcareous and acid soils after 120 d of incubation in control (no MPs) and MPs contaminated soils. Grained PVC and PP ties were added to the soil: new ties purchased at viti-oenological local shop (PVC/PP new), previously used ties from the sampled vineyard (PVC/PP used) and polyvinyl chloride and polypropylene pure polymers (PVC/PP std). Error bars represent standard error of three replicates. Different letters denote significant differences between treatments within each soil type according to Tukey’s multiple comparison test (p < 0.05).

Fig.3 Heatmap is showing the changes in macronutrient bioavailability (%) in MPs spiked calcareous and acid soils compared to control soils (no MPs). Positive values represent a decrease in bioavailability and negative values represent an increase in nutrient bioavailability. Grained PVC and PP ties were added to the soil: new ties purchased at viti-oenological local shop (PVC/PP new), previously used ties from the sampled vineyard (PVC/PP used) and polyvinyl chloride and polypropylene pure polymers (PVC/PP std).

Fig.4 Fractionation of macronutrients (Ca, Mg) and micronutrients (Cu and Zn) measured by four-step sequential extraction scheme (BCR-method) after 120 d of incubation for control (no MPs) and MPs polluted calcareous and acid soils. Grained PVC and PP ties were added to the soil: new ties purchased at viti-oenological local shop (PVC/PP new), previously used ties from the sampled vineyard (PVC/PP used) and polyvinyl chloride and polypropylene pure polymers (PVC/PP std).

Fig.5 Differences (expressed in percentage) in the bioavailability of macronutrients (Ca, Mg) and micronutrients (Cu and Zn) in MPs polluted calcareous and acid soils after 120 d of incubation, measured after EDTA (blue bars) and acetic acid (orange bars) single-step extractions. Grained PVC and PP ties were added to the soil: new ties purchased at viti-oenological local shop (PVC/PP new), previously used ties from the sampled vineyard (PVC/PP used) and polyvinyl chloride and polypropylene pure polymers (PVC/PP std). Positive values stand for increased bioavailability and negative values for reduced bioavailability of the plant nutrients in the soil. Error bars represent standard error of three replicates.

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