UV/Chlorine-BAC treatment of antidepressant drug in drinking water: efficacy, process optimization, and microbiological characterization

doi:10.1007/s11783-024-1887-1

2024, Vol. 18

Issue (10) : 127 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-024-1887-1

UV/Chlorine-BAC treatment of antidepressant drug in drinking water: efficacy, process optimization, and microbiological characterization

Xianzhong Li, Wanli Yan, Jianguo Li, Kaiting Zhang, Chengsong Ye, Mingbao Feng, Xin Yu(

)

College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China

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Abstract

● Amitriptyline in drinking water can be effectively removed by UV/Chlorine treatment.

● UV/Chlorine can enhance the biodegradability of Amitriptyline.

● UV/Chlorine-BAC can remove Amitriptyline and purify water quality.

● The optimal parameters for UV/Chlorine-BAC operation were determined.

● Microbial communities evolve towards promoting long-term operational benefits.

The environmental pollution caused by psychotropic drugs harms human health and has prompted a stronger emphasis on research into water treatment measures. The UV/Chlorine-biological activated carbon (BAC) combined process was employed in this study to treat amitriptyline (AMT), a typical psychotropic drug, in slightly contaminated drinking water. The removal efficiency of AMT in drinking water by UV/Chlorine and the feasibility of combining it with BAC were determined. The results demonstrated that the removal efficiency of 1 μmol/L AMT could reach 98.5% of the 2.0 mg/L chlorine and UV treated for 30 min. A significant removal improvement of AMT was 10%–45% compared to UV alone, Chlorine alone, and other oxidants combined, especially the SOUR (Specific Oxygen Uptake Rate), which was 57%–90% compared to other oxidants combined. Secondly, the optimal process parameters for UV/Chlorine-BAC treatment of slightly contaminated drinking water were a combination of UV exposure, chlorine dosage of 2 mg/L, and reaction times of 15 min followed by 30 min of BAC treatment. The AMT degradation, COD_Mn removal efficiency, and NO₃⁻–N production was 88%, 65%, and 95%, respectively. There was no significant effect on the number of microorganisms in the BAC medium, ensuring good long-term operation. Furthermore, an investigation was conducted to assess the influence of optimal process operation on the microbial community structure within BAC. This analysis unveiled a positive feedback loop in the colony architecture after implementing ideal process parameters. This study provides significant inspiration for addressing residual antidepressant issues using traditional drinking water treatment processes.

Keywords UV/Chlorine-BAC Amitriptyline removal Drinking water Microbial community

Corresponding Author(s): Xin Yu

About author:

^#These authors contributed equally to this work.

Issue Date: 13 August 2024

Cite this article:

Xianzhong Li,Wanli Yan,Jianguo Li, et al. UV/Chlorine-BAC treatment of antidepressant drug in drinking water: efficacy, process optimization, and microbiological characterization[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2024, 18(10): 127.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-024-1887-1
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2024/V18/I10/127

Fig.1 The diagram of the set-up in this experiment. The three main components are the water distribution tank, chemical reaction section, and biological activated carbon column. The chemical section consists of a pillar and a central UV lamp. The water distribution tank is composed of a contaminant liquid tank and an oxidant tank.

Fig.2 (a) Effect of AMT concentration on AMT degradation by UV radiation alone. (Experimental conditions: [AMT]₀ = 1.0, 5.0, 10.0 μmol/L). Effect of different chlorine concentrations on the degradation of (b) 1.0 μmol/L and (c) 10.0 μmol/L AMT by chlorine alone. (Experimental conditions: [Chlorine]₀ = 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 mg/L). (Note: In the drinking water treatment process, UV treatment time does not exceed 60 min, chlorine treatment time does not exceed 30 min, and chlorine concentration was 0.5–3.0 mg/L).

Fig.3 Effect of different chlorine concentrations on the degradation of (a) 1.0 μmol/L AMT and (b) 10.0 μmol/L AMT by UV/Chlorine. The total organic carbon (TOC) of (c) 1.0 μmol/L AMT and (d) 10.0 μmol/L AMT by UV/Chlorine at different initial concentrations of chlorine. (Experimental conditions: [Chlorine]₀ = 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mg/L).

Fig.4 (a) Effect of UV/Chlorine on the SOUR of AMT. (Experimental conditions: [AMT]₀ = 1.0 μmol/L, [Chlorine]₀ = 2.0 mg/L). (b) AMT degradation and (c) SOUR changes by different UV/oxidation systems. (Experimental conditions: [AMT]₀ = 1.0 μmol/L, [Oxidant]₀ = 2.0 mg/L).

Fig.5 Degradation of AMT by UV/Chlorine-BAC at (a) 0.5 and (b) 2.0 mg/L chlorine. Detection of bacterial biomass in filter biofilm after the UV/Chlorine process at (c) 0.5 and (d) 2.0 mg/L chlorine (Experimental conditions: [AMT]₀ = 1.0 mol/L, Hydrological dwell time = 5 , 15, 30 min). Note: 1, 2, 3, and 4 represented the sampling position in the BAC. This time indicated the time of the pre-chemical treatment, and the time of the biological treatment was fixed at 30 min.

Fig.6 Changes in microbial community structure in BAC before and after UV/Chlorine. (a) Heat map showing the change in relative abundance of dominant genera (Relative to the first 20). (b) Distribution of dominant genera with significant changes (paired-t-test, p < 0.05) in relative abundance after UV/Chlorine in BAC. (Experimental conditions: [AMT]₀ = 1.0 μmol/L, [Chlorine]₀ = 2.0 mg/L, Hydrological dwell time = 15 min). (c) Non-Metric Multi-Dimensional Scaling (NMDS) based on the Bray-Curtis distance showing the bacterial community clustering formed with the combination of UV/Chlorine at different initial concentrations of chlorine and the time of the pre-chemical treatment. (Experimental conditions: [AMT]₀ = 1.0 μmol/L, [Chlorine]₀ = 0.5, 2.0 mg/L Hydrological dwell time = 5, 15, 30 min). (Note: This time indicates the time of the pre-chemical treatment, and the time of the biological treatment is fixed at 30 min).

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