Advances in the electrochemical degradation of environmental persistent organochlorine pollutants: materials, mechanisms, and applications

doi:10.1007/s11783-024-1904-4

2024, Vol. 18

Issue (11) : 144 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-024-1904-4

Advances in the electrochemical degradation of environmental persistent organochlorine pollutants: materials, mechanisms, and applications

Xinlong Pei¹, Ruichao Shang¹, Baitao Chen¹, Zehui Wang¹, Xiaolong Yao²(

), Hong Zhu¹(

)

¹. College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
². Department of Environment Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China

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Abstract

● Electrochemical degradations of the organochlorine pollutants are reviewed.

● Materials and mechanisms of the degradation are introduced.

● Different environmental and property of POCPs are compared.

● Development and applications of modified degradation materials are discussed.

● Molecular, electrode material and solution influences are also illustrated.

Pollution from persistent organic chlorinated pollutants (POCPs) in water environments is attributable to historical reasons and the lack of effective discharge regulations. Electrochemical degradation of POCPs, as a key study for POCP degradation, involves the use of electrons as reducing or oxidizing agents. The occurrence of this degradation depends on the environmental characteristics of the POCPs, the electrochemical materials used, and the technology and mechanisms involved. Furthermore, regarding the development of new materials and technologies, such as micro-, nano-, and atomic-sized materials, the degradation of POCPs achieves higher degradation efficiency and maximizes current utilization efficiency. In this review article, we first summarize the current status and future opportunities of the electrochemical degradation of POCPs. Environmental characteristics of POCPs facilitate a comparison of POCP degradation, and a comparison of electrochemical materials and their methods is made. Subsequently, we discuss technologies for the electrochemical degradation of POCPs from three aspects: oxidation, reduction, and a combination of oxidation and reduction. Moreover, the mechanisms were generalized in terms of molecular structure, electrode materials, and solution environment. In addition to maximizing the intrinsic enhancement factors of degradation, strategies to improve environmental accessibilities are equally important. This review article aims to effectively guide the advancement of POCP degradation and the remediation of environmental water pollution.

Keywords Persistent organochlorine pollutants Electrochemical degradation Hydrogenolysis reduction dichlorination Catalytic oxidation

Corresponding Author(s): Xiaolong Yao,Hong Zhu

Issue Date: 20 September 2024

Cite this article:

Xinlong Pei,Ruichao Shang,Baitao Chen, et al. Advances in the electrochemical degradation of environmental persistent organochlorine pollutants: materials, mechanisms, and applications[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2024, 18(11): 144.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-024-1904-4
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2024/V18/I11/144

Fig.1 The problem and demand diagram for electrochemical degradation of POCPs.

Electrode materials	POCPs	Degradation methods	Current efficiency and environmental conditions	Citations
Rh NPs-PdMER	TCAA	Electrocatalytic hydrogenation	Without a supportingElectrolyte, nature water	Xu et al. (2023b)
Pd NCs/Ni	Six chlorophenols	Electrochemical hydrodechlorination	High concentration, in agricultural, industrial, and pharmaceuticalwastewaters	Wu et al. (2023)
Noble-metal-free 3D hierarchical Ni-WC	4-CP	Electrocatalytic hydrodechlorination	Current efficiency of 13.9%, low concentration	Wang et al. (2023d)
Nanoporous NiPd	Benzaldehyde	Electrocatalytic hydrogenation	High turnover frequency value, low concentration	Cheng et al. (2023)
Pd/C@CF	Methyl blue and Tetracycline	Heterogeneous electro-Fenton	Utilization of H* toward a rapid HEF oxidation, industrial,agricultural, and pharmaceutical wastewater
Fe-Ni/rGO/Ni foam	chlorinated alkenes	EHDC	Faradaic efficiency was over 78.8%, in groundwater and surface water	Tang et al. (2022)
Electron-rich Fe-N₄	Trichloroacetamide DBP	Direct dechlorination	37% of current efficiency, drinking water at end-control	Lou et al. (2022)
Pd/Ni₂P-Ni foam nanosheet array	Chlorophenols	Electrocatalytic hydrodechlorination	In situphosphatization-electrodeposition, simultaneous removal of trace 4-CP and nitrite	Li et al. (2022)
Pd/carbon-nanotubes (CNTs)-Nafion/Ti	2,3,5-Trichlorophenol	Electrochemical reduction	9.4%, initial pH 2, high concentration	Sun et al. (2017)
Pd/MWCNTs	4-Chlorophenol	Electrochemical hydrogen reduction	94%–54%, initial pH 5.7, 4-CP (0.2 mmol/L)	Shu et al. (2019)
Carbon supported Pd	2,4-Dichlorophenol	Adsorption and reduction dechlorination	initial pH 5.7	Zhou et al. (2019)
Pd/PPy-rGO/NF	4-Chlorophenol	Electrochemical hydrogen dechlorination	39.9%, initial pH 3, 4-CP (100 mg/L)	Yu et al. (2020)
Carbon nanomaterials	1,2-Dichloroethylene	Electrochemical dechlorination	High concentration	Gan et al. (2021)
A-Pd-NC	4-Chlorophenol	Electrochemical hydrogen dechlorination	3.6%, initial pH 3	Mao et al. (2021)
CTAB-Pd/GAC	2,4-Dichlorophenol	Electrochemical reduction	9.8 × 10⁻³ min/g, added CTAB (80 mg/g)	Zhou et al. (2021)
Cu–Ni bimetal	TCE	Hydrogen dechlorination	6%, finial pH 4.7	Liu et al. (2018)
rGO-Fe/Ni	TCE	Hydrogen dechlorination	water and wastewater treatment	Sahu et al. (2018)
Amorphous nickel phosphide	TCAA	Electrochemical dechlorination	66.3%, dechlorination in a broad pH range	Yao et al. (2019)
Ni-P/MWCNTs	Hexachlorobenzene	Electrochemical dechlorination	In DMF	Lemesh et al., (2020)
Pd-NiMOF/Ni	2,4-Dichlorophenol	Electrochemical hydrogen dechlorination	Adsorption and hydrogenolysis, in a broad pH range	Shen et al. (2020)
MoS₂	FLO	Electrochemical oxidation	Antibiotic wastewater, initial pH = 5.75	Yang et al. (2022a)
A-Ni-N-C	Chloroacetic acid	Electrochemical dechlorination	60%, in a broad pH range	Xu et al. (2020)
A-Pd-SiC	Chlorophenols	Electrochemical dechlorination	H₂ purging	Chu et al. (2021)
A-Fe-N-C	1,2-Dichloroethylene	Electrochemical dechlorination	Groundwater remediation	Deng et al. (2021)
Microorganism	2,4-Dichlorophenol	Microbial fuel cell	In a broad pH range, effluent	Leon-Fernandez et al. (2021)
organic copper ligand	CH₂Cl₂	electrochemical dechlorination	Heterogeneous method	Williams et al. (2021)
A-Fe/Cu-NPC	4-Chlorophenol	Electrochemical fenton	In a broad pH range, long-term stable	Zhao et al. (2021)

Tab.1 Recent studies on electrochemical degradation of POCP

Fig.2 (a) Schematic of TCAA electrochemical dechlorination on Ni₂P, dechlorination by H*, and An illustration of the formation of H* by water molecules at the cathode (Yao et al., 2019), copyright 2019, Elsevier; (b) the proposed reaction pathway involves 4-CP adsorption on Ni-WC/NF electrode (Wang et al. 2023d), copyright 2023，Elsevier.

Fig.3 (a) Electrocatalytic hydrogenolysis 2,4-dichlorophenol on Pd NiMOF/Ni (Shen et al., 2020), copyright 2020, Elsevier; (b) indirect dechlorination path of CAPs catalyzed by Pd NCs/Ni; (c) catalytic sites of electrochemical HDC on the surface of Pd NCs (Wu et al., 2023), copyright 2023, Elsevier.

Fig.4 (a) Schematic of dechlorination by copper-based ligand (Williams et al., 2021), copyright 2021, ACS; (b) schematic of rod-like nanostructured Cu−Co spinel for efficient electrocatalytic dechlorination (Wang et al., 2023b), copyright 2023, ACS.

Fig.5 (a) Schematic of electro-Fenton reaction on FeCu-NPC electrode (Zhao et al., 2021), copyright 2021, ACS; (b) illustration of the possible structural evolution mechanism of L10-PtAuFe (Wang et al., 2023c), copyright 2023, Elsevier.

Fig.6 (a)−(b) Schematic of electrode reducing florfenicol on MoS₂ (Yang et al., 2022a), copyright 2022, Elsevier; (c) scheme showing the pollutant degradation mechanism in PS/Fe₂O₃@MCHS system (Narendra Kumar and Shin, 2023), copyright 2023, Elsevier.

Fig.7 Three dechlorination mechanisms: (a) direct dechlorination; (b) indirect dechlorination catalyzed by redox mediator; (c) indirect dechlorination catalyzed by active H*, (Durante et al., 2013), copyright 2013, Springer nature, (d) reduction-oxidation degradation mechanism of 4-CP in the sequential reduction-oxidation process (Yang et al., 2023), copyright 2023, Elsevier.

Fig.8 (a) Two dechlorination mechanisms and their different products (Zhu et al., 2015), copyright 2015, Springer; (b) proposed dechlorination mechanism of TCAA on A-Ni-NG (Xu et al., 2020), copyright 2020, Elsevier.

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