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Frontiers in Energy

ISSN 2095-1701

ISSN 2095-1698(Online)

CN 11-6017/TK

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Front. Energy    2014, Vol. 8 Issue (2) : 240-253    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-014-0322-x
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Power quality investigation of a solar PV transformer-less grid- connected system fed DVR
Akhil GUPTA1(), Saurabh CHANANA1, Tilak THAKUR2
1. Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra 136119, India
2. Department of Electrical Engineering, PEC University of Technology, Chandigarh 160012, India
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Abstract

This paper presents a single stage transformer-less grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) system with an active and reactive power control. In the absence of active input power, the grid-tied voltage source converter (VSC) is operated in a reactive power generation mode, which powers the control circuitry, and maintains a regulated DC voltage to the VSC. A data-based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control scheme which performs power quality control at a maximum power by reducing the total harmonic distortion (THD) in grid injected current as per IEEE-519/1547 standards is implemented. A proportional-integral (PI) controller based dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) control scheme is implemented which controls the grid side converter during single-phase to ground fault. The analysis includes the grid current THD along with the corresponding variation of the active and reactive power during the fault condition. The MPPT tracks the actual variable DC link voltage while deriving the maximum power from the solar PV array, and maintains the DC link voltage constant by changing the modulation index of the VSC. Simulation results using Matlab/Simulink are presented to demonstrate the feasibility and validations of the proposed novel MPPT and DVR control systems under different environmental conditions.
Keywords data-based maximum power point tracking (MPPT)      total harmonic distortion (THD)      proportional integral      control      voltage restorer      pulse width modulation     
Corresponding Author(s): Akhil GUPTA   
Issue Date: 19 May 2014
 Cite this article:   
Akhil GUPTA,Saurabh CHANANA,Tilak THAKUR. Power quality investigation of a solar PV transformer-less grid- connected system fed DVR[J]. Front. Energy, 2014, 8(2): 240-253.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/EN/10.1007/s11708-014-0322-x
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/EN/Y2014/V8/I2/240
Fig.1  Block diagram of three-phase three-level transformer-less solar PV inverter with DVR control
Fig.2  Simulation model of the three-phase transformer-less solar PV inverter, with single line to ground fault and MPPT control
Fig.3  PV data generation model at different solar radiation Sx and temperature Tx values (at constant Tc and maximum power) for single generated voltage set values
Fig.4  Power-voltage characteristics, at different solar radiation Sx and temperature Tx values (with different series resistance values)
Vector of input values Solar radiation Sx/(W·m−2) Temperature Tx/°C Series resistance Rs/Ω Maximum power point PV voltage in volts at different cell temperature Vdc_Ref/V
Tc = 10°C Tc = 20°C Tc = 30°C Tc = 40°C
0 88 10 0.00011 751.1 814.4 879.4 945.9
20 90 20 0.00021 769.6 867.9 935.7 1005
40 92 30 0.00031 817.1 887 953 1065
60 94 40 0.00041 858.6 927 988 1086
80 96 50 0.00051 899.3 961.1 1024 1124
100 98 60 0.00061 947.3 1016 1086 1158
Tab.1  Data generated at different solar radiation Sx and temperatures Tx (at constant Tc) values
Fig.5  MPPT control model of a grid-connected PV energy conversion system
Fig.6  Block diagram of DC voltage regulator
Fig.7  Simulink model of DVR with its controller
Sr.No. System name (its parameters) Value chosen
1 Linear transformer-3 windings
-Apparent power		 250 MVA,50?Hz
2 Capacitor: DC link 1500?µF
3 Discrete PWM generator-DVR fc = 15?kHz
4 DVR-Discrete PI controller
-Proportional gain, Kp
-Integral gain, Ki		 5
1000
5 DC voltage source 3.1 × 103?V
Tab.2  DVR control system parameters
Sr.No. System Name (its Parameters) Value chosen Sr.No. System Name (its Parameters) Value chosen
1 Solar PV module 7 Anti-aliasing filters
Second order low pass		 Cut-off frequency 2?kHz
− Boltzmann’s constant 1.38 × 10−23?J·K−1
− Photo-current 5?A
− Reverse saturation current of diode 0.0002?A
− Series resistance of cell 0.00011
− No. of cells in series 3000
− No. of cells in parallel 14
− Identity factor 1.65
− Electron charge 1.602 × 10−19 C
2 Capacitor: DC link (PV and VSC) 1500?µF 8 Discrete 3-φ PLL
− Sample time		 f = 50?Hz, fmin = 45?Hz
50 × 10−6 s
3 3-φIGBT VSC 9 DC voltage regulator
− Snubber resistance 1 × 105?Ω − Proportional gain Kp 0.61
− Snubber capacitance Infinite − Integral gain Ki 9.1
4 LCL filter L = 1500 × 10−6?H
C = 30?µF		 10 Current Regulators
− Proportional gain Kp 0.021
− Integral gain Ki 4.2
5 3-φseries RLC load 440?V, 50?Hz, P = 52?kW, Q = 22?kW ( + ve) 11 Discrete 3-φPWM generator (2 level) fc = 5?kHz
6. Utility grid at UPF 440?V ( + ve sequence), 50?Hz
Tab.3  Solar PV and VSC control system configuration parameters
Fig.8  Simulation results without DVR control at 10°C during fault
Fig.9  Simulation results with DVR control at 10°C during fault
Fig.10  Simulation results without DVR control at 10°C during fault
Fig.11  Simulation results with DVR control at 10°C during fault
Fig.12  Controlling action of DVR and MPPT on DC link voltage
THD at 10°C THD at 20°C THD at 30°C THD at 40°C
Grid voltage 0.01% 0.01% 0.02% 0.02%
Grid current 4.83% 5.79% 7.91% 7.22%
VSC current 5.78% 6.95% 9.97% 11.20%
Tab.4  Analysis of THD at different solar radiation Sx and temperature Tx values
  Standard configuration for a DVR [6], connected to PV system
Iph Light-generated current or photocurrent/A
Id Direct-axis component current/A
Iq Quadrature-axis component current/A
Isc Cell’s short-circuit current (at 25°C and 1?kW/m2)/A
Ia, Ib, Ic Three-phase converter currents/A
Io Zero sequence component current/A
Iinv Converter current
Va Terminal voltage of a cell/V
Vinv Inverter (VSC) voltage/V
Vg Grid voltage/V
Vdc Input voltage of VSC/V
Vcont Peak amplitude of control signal
Vtri Peak amplitude of triangular signal
δ, β & φ Phase-angle of inverter (VSC), grid and coupling filter/(°)
Tc Cell’s known operating temperature/K
Ta First variable ambient temperature/K
Tx Second variable temperature/K
Sx New level of solar radiation level/(W·m−2)
Rp Parallel resistance/Ω
Rs Series resistance/Ω
Z Series impedance of LCL filter/Ω
X Reactance of LCL filter/Ω
Ns Number of cell in series
Np Number of cell in parallel
ω Rotation speed of the rotating frame/(rad·s−1)
ma Modulation index
fs Switching frequency/Hz
f1 Fundamental frequency/Hz
STC Standard test conditions of temperature 25°C and solar radiation 1000?W/m
  Notation
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