Recent progress in electric-field assisted combustion: a brief review

doi:10.1007/s11708-021-0770-z

Front. Energy

2022, Vol. 16

Issue (6) : 883-899 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-021-0770-z

REVIEW ARTICLE

Recent progress in electric-field assisted combustion: a brief review

Hecong LIU, Weiwei CAI(

)

Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Power Machinery and Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China

Download: PDF(2952 KB) HTML
Export: BibTeX | EndNote | Reference Manager | ProCite | RefWorks

Abstract

The control of combustion is a hot and classical topic. Among the combustion technologies, electric-field assisted combustion is an advanced techno-logy that enjoys major advantages such as fast response and low power consumption compared with thermal power. However, its fundamental principle and impacts on the flames are complicated due to the coupling between physics, chemistry, and electromagnetics. In the last two decades, tremendous efforts have been made to understand electric-field assisted combustion. New observations have been reported based on different combustion systems and improved diagnostics. The main impacts, including flame stabilization, emission reduction, and flame propagation, have been revealed by both simulative and experimental studies. These findings significantly facilitate the application of electric-field assisted combustion. This brief review is intended to provide a comprehensive overview of the recent progress of this combustion technology and further point out research opportunities worth investigation.

Keywords electric field combustion flame stabilization emission reduction flame propagation

Corresponding Author(s): Weiwei CAI

Online First Date: 27 September 2021 Issue Date: 17 January 2023

Cite this article:

Hecong LIU,Weiwei CAI. Recent progress in electric-field assisted combustion: a brief review[J]. Front. Energy, 2022, 16(6): 883-899.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/EN/10.1007/s11708-021-0770-z
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/EN/Y2022/V16/I6/883

Fig.1 Illustration of ionic wind.

Fig.2 Effective developing degree curve of bi-ionic wind (adapted with permission from Ref. [38]).

Fig.3 VCCs curves under DC electric field (redrawn from Refs. [7,41,42]).

Fig.4 Schematics of the experimental setup for EFAC system (adapted with permission respectively from Refs. [7,9,50,60,62,64].

Fig.5 TSPD images at HAB= 10 mm and 15 mm.

Fig.6 Pollutant emission and flame cone angle as a function of reduced voltage (adapted with permission from Ref. [7]).

Tab.1 Relationship between emission and electric field

Fig.7 Images of a jet flame without and with downward DC electric field at the time interval between the three successive images under the electric field of 38 ms (adapted with permission from Ref. [15]).

Fig.8 Height oscillation modes under low-frequency AC electric field (adapted with permission from Ref. [36]).

Tab.2 Relationship between flow characteristics of flames and electric field

Fig.9 Differential images of axial velocity for 1.0–0.0 kV and 8.0–0.0 kV (adapted with permission from Ref. [70]).

Fig.10 Flame propagation of spherically expanding flames under DC electric field (adapted with permission from Ref. [62]).

Fig.11 Right side of flow velocity for spherically expanding flame at a voltage of 5 kV after 34 ms (adapted with permission from Ref. [95]).

Tab.3 Relationship between flame propagation and electric field

1	P Chefurka. World energy and population. 2007, available at the website of paulchefurka.ca
2	W Cai, C F Kaminski. Tomographic absorption spectroscopy for the study of gas dynamics and reactive flows. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 2017, 59: 1–31 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2016.11.002
3	X Lu, D Han, Z Huang. Fuel design and management for the control of advanced compression-ignition combustion modes. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 2011, 37(6): 741–783 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2011.03.003
4	P Benard, G Lartigue, V Moureau, et al. Large-eddy simulation of the lean-premixed preccinsta burner with wall heat loss. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2019, 37(4): 5233–5243 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2018.07.026
5	Y Wang, J Le. A hollow combustor that intensifies rotating detonation. Aerospace Science and Technology, 2019, 85: 113–124 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2018.12.014
6	W T Brande. The bakerian lecture: on some new electro-chemical phenomena. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 1814, 104: 51–61 https://doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1814.0005
7	F Altendorfner, F Beyrau, A Leipertz, et al. Technical feasibility of electric field control for turbulent premixed flames. Chemical Engineering & Technology, 2010, 33(4): 647–653 https://doi.org/10.1002/ceat.200900625
8	Y Xiong, S H Chung, M S Cha. Instability and electrical response of small laminar coflow diffusion flames under AC electric fields: toroidal vortex formation and oscillating and spinning flames. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2017, 36(1): 1621–1628 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2016.06.022
9	S H Won, S K Ryu, M K Kim, et al. Effect of electric fields on the propagation speed of tribrachial flames in coflow jets. Combustion and Flame, 2008, 152(4): 496–506 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2007.11.008
10	H Liu, B Sun, W Cai. kHz-rate volumetric flame imaging using a single camera. Optics Communications, 2019, 437: 33–43 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2018.12.036
11	Y Tang, J Zhuo, W Cui, et al. Non-premixed flame dynamics excited by flow fluctuations generated from dielectric-barrier-discharge plasma. Combustion and Flame, 2019, 204: 58–67 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.03.003
12	S J Barkley, K Zhu, J E Lynch, et al. Microwave plasma enhancement of multiphase flames: on-demand control of solid propellant burning rate. Combustion and Flame, 2019, 199: 14–23 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2018.10.007
13	Y Zhang, S Li, Y Ren, et al. Two-dimensional imaging of gas-to-particle transition in flames by laser-induced nanoplasmas. Applied Physics Letters, 2014, 104(2): 023115 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4861904
14	Y Ju, W Sun. Plasma assisted combustion: dynamics and chemistry. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 2015, 48: 21–83 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2014.12.002
15	P Gillon, V Gilard, M Idir, et al. Electric field influence on the stability and the soot particles emission of a laminar diffusion flame. Combustion Science and Technology, 2019, 191(2): 325–338 https://doi.org/10.1080/00102202.2018.1467404
16	H Liu, Z Yang, W Cai. Application of three-dimensional diagnostics on the direct-current electric-field assisted combustion. Aerospace Science and Technology, 2021, 112: 106657 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2021.106657
17	D Bradley, S H Nasser. Electrical coronas and burner flame stability. Combustion and Flame, 1984, 55(1): 53–58 https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(84)90148-2
18	J Lawton, F Weinberg. Electrical Aspects of Combustion. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969
19	D A Yagodnikov, A V Voronetskii. Effect of an external electrical field on ignition and combustion processes. Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves, 1994, 30(3): 261–268 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00789414
20	A B Fialkov. Investigations on ions in flames. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 1997, 23(5–6): 399–528 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1285(97)00016-6
21	A Ata, J S Cowart, A Vranos, et al. Effects of direct current electric field on the blowoff characteristics of bluff-body stabilized conical premixed flames. Combustion Science and Technology, 2005, 177(7): 1291–1304 https://doi.org/10.1080/00102200590950476
22	H F Calcote. Ion production and recombination in flames. Symposium (International) on Combustion, 1961, 8(1): 184–199 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0082-0784(06)80502-3
23	H Duan, X Wu, T Sun, et al. Effects of electric field intensity and distribution on flame propagation speed of CH4/O2/N2 flames. Fuel, 2015, 158: 807–815 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.05.065
24	D G Park, S H Chung, M S Cha. Bidirectional ionic wind in nonpremixed counterflow flames with DC electric fields. Combustion and Flame, 2016, 168: 138–146 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.03.025
25	A F Garanin, P K Tret’yakov, A V Tupikin. Effect of constant and pulsed-periodic electric fields on combustion of a propane-air mixture. Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves, 2008, 44(1): 18–21 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10573-008-0003-3
26	J Schmidt, B Ganguly. Effect of pulsed, sub-breakdown applied electric field on propane/air flame through simultaneous OH/acetone PLIF. Combustion and Flame, 2013, 160(12): 2820–2826 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2013.06.031
27	H A Wilson. Electrical conductivity of flames. Reviews of Modern Physics, 1931, 3(1): 156–189 https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.3.156
28	F B Carleton, F J Weinberg. Electric field-induced flame convection in the absence of gravity. Nature, 1987, 330(6149): 635–636 https://doi.org/10.1038/330635a0
29	J Hu, B Rivin, E Sher. The effect of an electric field on the shape of co-flowing and candle-type methane-air flames. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 2000, 21(1–3): 124–133 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0894-1777(99)00062-X
30	F Bisetti, M El Morsli. Calculation and analysis of the mobility and diffusion coefficient of thermal electrons in methane/air premixed flames. Combustion and Flame, 2012, 159(12): 3518–3521 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2012.08.002
31	A Sakhrieh, G Lins, F Dinkelacker, et al. The influence of pressure on the control of premixed turbulent flames using an electric field. Combustion and Flame, 2005, 143(3): 313–322 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2005.06.009
32	J Lawton, P J Mayo, F J Weinberg. Electrical control of gas flows in combustion processes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 1968, 303(1474): 275–298 https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1968.0051
33	M Kono, F B Carleton, A R Jones, et al. The effect of nonsteady electric fields on sooting flames. Combustion and Flame, 1989, 78(3–4): 357–364 https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(89)90023-0
34	J Kuhl, G Jovicic, L Zigan, et al. Influence of electric fields on premixed laminar flames: visualization of perturbations and potential for suppression of thermoacoustic oscillations. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2015, 35(3): 3521–3528 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2014.08.026
35	S D Marcum, B N Ganguly. Electric-field-induced flame speed modification. Combustion and Flame, 2005, 143(1–2): 27–36 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2005.04.008
36	S K Ryu, Y K Kim, M K Kim, et al. Observation of multi-scale oscillation of laminar lifted flames with low-frequency AC electric fields. Combustion and Flame, 2010, 157(1): 25–32 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2009.10.001
37	J Kuhl, G Jovicic, L Zigan, et al. Transient electric field response of laminar premixed flames. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2013, 34(2): 3303–3310 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2012.07.016
38	M K Kim, S H Chung, H H Kim. Effect of electric fields on the stabilization of premixed laminar Bunsen flames at low AC frequency: bi-ionic wind effect. Combustion and Flame, 2012, 159(3): 1151–1159 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2011.10.018
39	M Belhi, P Domingo, P Vervisch. Modelling of the effect of DC and AC electric fields on the stability of a lifted diffusion methane/air flame. Combustion Theory and Modelling, 2013, 17(4): 749–787 https://doi.org/10.1080/13647830.2013.802415
40	M Belhi, B J Lee, M S Cha, et al. Three-dimensional simulation of ionic wind in a laminar premixed Bunsen flame subjected to a transverse DC electric field. Combustion and Flame, 2019, 202: 90–106 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.01.005
41	Q Chen, L Yan, H Zhang, et al. Electrical characteristics, electrode sheath and contamination layer behavior of a meso-scale premixed methane-air flame under AC/DC electric fields. Plasma Science & Technology, 2016, 18(5): 569–576 https://doi.org/10.1088/1009-0630/18/5/21
42	F Borgatelli, D Dunn-Rankin. Behavior of a small diffusion flame as an electrically active component in a high-voltage circuit. Combustion and Flame, 2012, 159(1): 210–220 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2011.06.002
43	Y Gan, M Wang, Y Luo, et al. Effects of direct-current electric fields on flame shape and combustion characteristics of ethanol in small scale. Advances in Mechanical Engineering, 2016, 8(1): 168781401562484 https://doi.org/10.1177/1687814015624846
44	P R Salvador, K G Xu. Electric field modified Bunsen flame with variable anode placement. Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, 2017, 31(4): 956–964 https://doi.org/10.2514/1.T5069
45	S Karnani, D Dunn-Rankin. Detailed characterization of DC electric field effects on small non-premixed flames. Combustion and Flame, 2015, 162(7): 2865–2872 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2015.03.019
46	N Speelman, M Kiefer, D Markus, et al. Validation of a novel numerical model for the electric currents in burner-stabilized methane-air flames. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2015, 35(1): 847–854 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2014.05.067
47	A M Drews, L Cademartiri, M L Chemama, et al. Ac electric fields drive steady flows in flames. Physical Review. E, 2012, 86(3): 036314 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.86.036314
48	Y Xiong, D G Park, B J Lee, et al. DC field response of one-dimensional flames using an ionized layer model. Combustion and Flame, 2016, 163: 317–325 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2015.10.007
49	S H Park, J W Son, J Park, et al. Elevated pressure increases the effect of electric fields on ionic wind in methane premixed jet flames. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2021, 38(4): 6679–6686 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2020.11.003
50	Y Ren, W Cui, S Li. Electrohydrodynamic instability of premixed flames under manipulations of DC electric fields. Physical Review E, 2018, 97(1–1): 013103
51	D L Wisman, S D Marcum, B N Ganguly. Electrical control of the thermodiffusive instability in premixed propane-air flames. Combustion and Flame, 2007, 151(4): 639–648 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2007.06.021
52	D Wisman, S Marcum, B Ganguly. Electric field induced dissociative recombination at the base of pre-mixed hydrocarbon/air flames. In: 43rd AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, Virginia, USA, 2007
53	D Wisman, M Ryan, C Carter, et al. OH PLIF measurements in a low electric field perturbed CH4/air flame. In: 46th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Virigina, USA, 2008
54	D G Park, S H Chung, M S Cha. Dynamic responses of counterflow nonpremixed flames to AC electric field. Combustion and Flame, 2018, 198: 240–248 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2018.09.016
55	S H Won, M S Cha, C S Park, et al. Effect of electric fields on reattachment and propagation speed of tribrachial flames in laminar coflow jets. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2007, 31(1): 963–970 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2006.07.166
56	M K Kim, S K Ryu, S H Won, et al. Electric fields effect on liftoff and blowoff of nonpremixed laminar jet flames in a coflow. Combustion and Flame, 2010, 157(1): 17–24 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2009.10.002
57	Y Ren, S Li, W Cui, et al. Low-frequency AC electric field induced thermoacoustic oscillation of a premixed stagnation flame. Combustion and Flame, 2017, 176: 479–488 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.11.013
58	Y Ren, W Cui, H Pitsch, et al. Experimental and numerical studies on electric field distribution of a premixed stagnation flame under DC power supply. Combustion and Flame, 2020, 215: 103–112 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2020.01.028
59	M V Tran, M S Cha. Time evolution of propagating nonpremixed flames in a counterflow, annular slot burner under AC electric fields. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2017, 36(1): 1421–1430 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2016.05.008
60	M V Tran, M S Cha. Propagating nonpremixed edge-flames in a counterflow, annular slot burner under DC electric fields. Combustion and Flame, 2016, 173: 114–122 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.08.012
61	H Duan, X Wu, C Zhang, et al. Experimental study of lean premixed CH4/N2/O2 flames under high-frequency alternating-current electric fields. Energy & Fuels, 2015, 29(11): 7601–7611 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b01420
62	X Meng, X Wu, C Kang, et al. Effects of direct-current (DC) electric fields on flame propagation and combustion characteristics of premixed CH4/O2/N2 flames. Energy & Fuels, 2012, 26(11): 6612–6620 https://doi.org/10.1021/ef300972g
63	S S Vorontsov, O V Ganeev, P K Tretyakov, et al. Dynamics of the laminar flame front of a homogeneous propane-air mixture with a pulsed-periodic action of an electric field. Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves, 2009, 45(5): 530–533 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10573-009-0064-y
64	E N Volkov, V N Kornilov, L P H de Goey. Experimental evaluation of DC electric field effect on the thermoacoustic behaviour of flat premixed flames. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2013, 34(1): 955–962 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2012.06.175
65	M K Kim, S H Chung, H H Kim. Effect of AC electric fields on the stabilization of premixed Bunsen flames. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2011, 33(1): 1137–1144 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2010.06.062
66	S M Lee, C S Park, M S Cha, et al. Effect of electric fields on the liftoff of nonpremixed turbulent jet flames. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 2005, 33(5): 1703–1709 https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2005.856414
67	M Saito, T Arai, M Arai. Control of soot emitted from acetylene diffusion flames by applying an electric field. Combustion and Flame, 1999, 119(3): 356–366 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-2180(99)00065-6
68	Y C Chien, D Dunn-Rankin. Electric field induced changes of a diffusion flame and heat transfer near an impinging surface. Energies, 2018, 11(5): 1235 https://doi.org/10.3390/en11051235
69	A Cessou, E Varea, K Criner, et al. Simultaneous measurements of OH, mixture fraction and velocity fields to investigate flame stabilization enhancement by electric field. Experiments in Fluids, 2012, 52(4): 905–917 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-011-1164-5
70	F Altendorfner, J Kuhl, L Zigan, et al. Study of the influence of electric fields on flames using planar LIF and PIV techniques. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2011, 33(2): 3195–3201 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2010.05.112
71	G T Kim, D G Park, M S Cha, et al. Flow instability in laminar jet flames driven by alternating current electric fields. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2017, 36(3): 4175–4182 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2016.09.015
72	Y Wang, G J Nathan, Z T Alwahabi, et al. Effect of a uniform electric field on soot in laminar premixed ethylene/air flames. Combustion and Flame, 2010, 157(7): 1308–1315 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2010.03.001
73	P K Tretyakov, A V Tupikin, N V Denisova, et al. Laminar propane-air flame in a weak electric field. Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves, 2012, 48(2): 130–135 https://doi.org/10.1134/S0010508212020025
74	D G Park, S H Chung, M S Cha. Visualization of ionic wind in laminar jet flames. Combustion and Flame, 2017, 184: 246–248 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2017.06.011
75	T D Butterworth, M S Cha. Electric field measurement in electric-field modified flames. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2021, 38(4): 6651–6660 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2020.08.019
76	D G Park, B C Choi, M S Cha, et al. Soot reduction under DC electric fields in counterflow non-premixed laminar ethylene flames. Combustion Science and Technology, 2014, 186(4–5): 644–656 https://doi.org/10.1080/00102202.2014.883794
77	A B Vatazhin, D A Golentsov, V A Likhter. Soot extraction from a laminar hydrocarbon flame by means of an electric field. Fluid Dynamics, 2005, 40(2): 172–178 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10697-005-0056-x
78	N G Prikhod’ko. Influence of the electric field on the soot formation in the flame at a low pressure. Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics, 2010, 83(1): 171–178 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10891-010-0332-4
79	M Zake, D Turlajs, M Purmals. Electric field control of NOx formation in the flame channel flows. Global NEST Journal, 2000, 2(1): 99–108
80	M Zake, I Barmina, D Turlajs. Electric field control of polluting emissions from a propane flame. Global NEST Journal, 2001, 3(2): 95–108
81	A Starikowskii, M Skoblin, T Hammer. Influence of weak electric fields on the flame structure. In: 2008 17th International Conference on Gas Discharges and Their Applications, Cardiff, UK, 2008
82	J Kuhl, T Seeger, L Zigan, et al. On the effect of ionic wind on structure and temperature of laminar premixed flames influenced by electric fields. Combustion and Flame, 2017, 176: 391–399 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.10.026
83	T Hammer, G Lins, D W Branston, et al. Electric field effects for combustion control–optimized geometry. In: 28th International Conference on Phenomena in Ionized Gases, Prague, Czech Republic, 2007
84	E V Vega, S S Shin, K Y Lee. NO emission of oxygen-enriched CH4/O2/N2 premixed flames under electric field. Fuel, 2007, 86(4): 512–519 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2006.07.034
85	Y Zhang, Y Wu, H Yang, et al. Effect of high-frequency alternating electric fields on the behavior and nitric oxide emission of laminar non-premixed flames. Fuel, 2013, 109: 350–355 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.12.083
86	Y Xiong, D G Park, M S Cha, et al. Effect of buoyancy on dynamical responses of coflow diffusion flame under low-frequency alternating current. Combustion Science and Technology, 2018, 190(10): 1832–1849 https://doi.org/10.1080/00102202.2018.1474209
87	Y Xiong, M S Cha, S H Chung. AC electric field induced vortex in laminar coflow diffusion flames. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2015, 35(3): 3513–3520 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2014.08.027
88	K Y Arefyev, A I Krikunova, V A Panov. Complex effect of electric and acoustic fields on air-methane flame blow-off characteristics. High Temperature, 2019, 57(6): 909–915 https://doi.org/10.1134/S0018151X19060026
89	M S Cha, Y Lee. Premixed combustion under electric field in a constant volume chamber. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 2012, 40(12): 3131–3138 https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2012.2206120
90	M Belhi, P Domingo, P Vervisch. Direct numerical simulation of the effect of an electric field on flame stability. Combustion and Flame, 2010, 157(12): 2286–2297 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2010.07.007
91	S H Yoon, B Seo, J Park, et al. Edge flame propagation via parallel electric fields in nonpremixed coflow jets. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2019, 37(4): 5537–5544 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2018.06.026
92	J D B J van den Boom, A A Konnov, A M H H Verhasselt, et al. The effect of a DC electric field on the laminar burning velocity of premixed methane/air flames. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2009, 32(1): 1237–1244 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2008.06.083
93	J Wang, Y Li, H Xia, et al. Effect of hydrogen enrichment and electric field on lean CH4/air flame propagation at elevated pressure. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2019, 44(30): 15962–15972 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.10.007
94	Y Li, J Wang, H Xia, et al. Effect of DC electric field on laminar premixed spherical propagation flame at elevated pressures up to 0.5 MPa. Combustion Science and Technology, 2018, 190(11): 1900–1922 https://doi.org/10.1080/00102202.2018.1467407
95	C Li, X Wu, Y Li, et al. Deformation study of lean methane-air premixed spherically expanding flames under a negative direct current electric field. Energies, 2016, 9(9): 738 https://doi.org/10.3390/en9090738
96	F Scarano. Tomographic PIV: principles and practice. Measurement Science & Technology, 2013, 24(1): 012001 https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/24/1/012001
97	T R Meyer, B R Halls, N Jiang, et al. High-speed, three-dimensional tomographic laser-induced incandescence imaging of soot volume fraction in turbulent flames. Optics Express, 2016, 24(26): 29547–29555 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.24.029547
98	B R Halls, P S Hsu, N Jiang, et al. kHz-rate four-dimensional fluorescence tomography using an ultraviolet-tunable narrowband burst-mode optical parametric oscillator. Optica, 2017, 4(8): 897–902 https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.4.000897
99	H Liu, C Shui, W Cai. Time-resolved three-dimensional imaging of flame refractive index via endoscopic background-oriented Schlieren tomography using one single camera. Aerospace Science and Technology, 2020, 97: 105621 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2019.105621

[1]	Jingrui LI, Haifeng LIU, Xinlei LIU, Ying YE, Hu WANG, Xinyan WANG, Hua ZHAO, Mingfa YAO. Development of a simplified n-heptane/methane model for high-pressure direct-injection natural gas marine engines[J]. Front. Energy, 2021, 15(2): 405-420.
[2]	Yaozong DUAN, Wang LIU, Zhen HUANG, Dong HAN. An experimental study on spray auto-ignition of RP-3 jet fuel and its surrogates[J]. Front. Energy, 2021, 15(2): 396-404.
[3]	Yishu XU, Xiaowei LIU, Jiuxin QI, Tianpeng ZHANG, Minghou XU, Fangfang FEI, Dingqing LI. Compositional and structural study of ash deposits spatially distributed in superheaters of a large biomass-fired CFB boiler[J]. Front. Energy, 2021, 15(2): 449-459.
[4]	Xiaoguang LI, Lingyan ZENG, Hongye LIU, Yao LI, Yifu LI, Yunlong ZHAO, Bo JIAO, Minhang SONG, Shaofeng ZHANG, Zhichao CHEN, Zhengqi LI. Industrial-scale investigations on effects of tertiary-air declination angle on combustion and steam temperature characteristics in a 350-MW supercritical down-fired boiler[J]. Front. Energy, 2021, 15(1): 132-142.
[5]	Jinzhi CAI, Dan LI, Denggao CHEN, Zhenshan LI. NO_x and H₂S formation in the reductive zone of air-staged combustion of pulverized blended coals[J]. Front. Energy, 2021, 15(1): 4-13.
[6]	Siqi LIU, Yanqing NIU, Liping WEN, Yang LIANG, Bokang YAN, Denghui WANG, Shi’en HUI. Experimental studies of ash film fractions based on measurement of cenospheres geometry in pulverized coal combustion[J]. Front. Energy, 2021, 15(1): 91-98.
[7]	Md Tanvir ALAM, Baiqian DAI, Xiaojiang WU, Andrew HOADLEY, Lian ZHANG. A critical review of ash slagging mechanisms and viscosity measurement for low-rank coal and bio-slags[J]. Front. Energy, 2021, 15(1): 46-67.
[8]	Yonghong YAN, Liutao SUN, Zhengkang PENG, Hongliang QI, Li LIU, Rui SUN. Effects of pyrolyzed semi-char blend ratio on coal combustion and pollution emission in a 0.35 MW pulverized coal-fired furnace[J]. Front. Energy, 2021, 15(1): 78-90.
[9]	Li JIA, Baoguo FAN, Xianrong ZHENG, Xiaolei QIAO, Yuxing YAO, Rui ZHAO, Jinrong GUO, Yan JIN. Mercury emission and adsorption characteristics of fly ash in PC and CFB boilers[J]. Front. Energy, 2021, 15(1): 112-123.
[10]	Xiehe YANG, Yang ZHANG, Daoyin LIU, Jiansheng ZHANG, Hai ZHANG, Junfu LYU, Guangxi YUE. Modeling of single coal particle combustion in O₂/N₂ and O₂/CO₂ atmospheres under fluidized bed condition[J]. Front. Energy, 2021, 15(1): 99-111.
[11]	Weiliang WANG, Zheng LI, Junfu LYU, Hai ZHANG, Guangxi YUE, Weidou NI. An overview of the development history and technical progress of China’s coal-fired power industry[J]. Front. Energy, 2019, 13(3): 417-426.
[12]	Hailin WANG, Jiankun HE. China’s pre-2020 CO₂ emission reduction potential and its influence[J]. Front. Energy, 2019, 13(3): 571-578.
[13]	M. LOGANATHAN, A. VELMURUGAN, TOM PAGE, E. JAMES GUNASEKARAN, P. TAMILARASAN. Combustion analysis of a hydrogen-diesel fuel operated DI diesel engine with exhaust gas recirculation[J]. Front. Energy, 2017, 11(4): 568-574.
[14]	Yiji LU, Anthony Paul ROSKILLY, Long JIANG, Longfei CHEN, Xiaoli YU. Analysis of a 1 kW organic Rankine cycle using a scroll expander for engine coolant and exhaust heat recovery[J]. Front. Energy, 2017, 11(4): 527-534.
[15]	Zhen HUANG, Zhongzhao LI, Jianyong ZHANG, Xingcai LU, Junhua FANG, Dong HAN. Active fuel design—A way to manage the right fuel for HCCI engines[J]. Front. Energy, 2016, 10(1): 14-28.

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed