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Frontiers of Medicine

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Front. Med.    2021, Vol. 15 Issue (5) : 728-739    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-021-0833-x
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Second unmanipulated allogeneic transplantation could be used as a salvage option for patients with relapsed acute leukemia post-chemotherapy plus modified donor lymphocyte infusion
Tingting Han1,2,3, Yuqian Sun1,2,3, Yang Liu1,2,3, Chenhua Yan1,2,3, Yu Wang1,2,3,4, Lanping Xu1,2,3, Kaiyan Liu1,2,3,4, Xiaojun Huang1,2,3,4,5, Xiaohui Zhang1,2,3,4()
1. Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing 100044, China
2. National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing 100044, China
3. Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing 100044, China
4. Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China
5. Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
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Abstract

Relapse is the main problem after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). The outcome of a second allo-HSCT (HSCT2) for relapse post-HSCT has shown promising results in some previous studies. However, little is known about the efficacy of HSCT2 in patients with relapsed/refractory acute leukemia (AL) post-chemotherapy plus modified donor lymphocyte infusion (post-Chemo+m-DLI) after the first allo-HSCT (HSCT1). Therefore, we retrospectively analyzed the efficacy of HSCT2 in 28 patients with relapsed/refractory AL post-Chemo+m-DLI in our center. With a median follow-up of 918 (457–1732) days, 26 patients (92.9%) achieved complete remission, and 2 patients exhibited persistent disease. The probabilities of overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) 1 year after HSCT2 were 25.0% and 21.4%, respectively. The cumulative incidences of nonrelapse mortality on day 100 and at 1 year post-HSCT2 were 7.1%±4.9% and 25.0%±8.4%. The cumulative incidences of relapse were 50.0%±9.8% and 53.5%±9.9% at 1 and 2 years post-HSCT2, respectively. Risk stratification prior to HSCT1 and percentage of blasts before HSCT2 were independent risk factors for OS post-HSCT2, and relapse within 6 months post-HSCT1 was an independent risk factor for DFS and relapse post-HSCT2. Our findings suggest that HSCT2 could be a salvage option for patients with relapsed AL post-Chemo+m-DLI.
Keywords second hematopoietic stem cell transplantation      acute leukemia      relapse      chemotherapy      modified donor lymphocyte infusion     
Corresponding Author(s): Xiaohui Zhang   
Just Accepted Date: 27 May 2021   Online First Date: 22 July 2021    Issue Date: 01 November 2021
 Cite this article:   
Tingting Han,Yuqian Sun,Yang Liu, et al. Second unmanipulated allogeneic transplantation could be used as a salvage option for patients with relapsed acute leukemia post-chemotherapy plus modified donor lymphocyte infusion[J]. Front. Med., 2021, 15(5): 728-739.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fmd/EN/10.1007/s11684-021-0833-x
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fmd/EN/Y2021/V15/I5/728
Fig.1  Treatment scheme. Patients who relapsed post-HSCT1 received 1–2 cycles of induction Chemo+m-DLI, and then the disease status was assessed. For patients with persistent CR, they received multiple consolidation Chemo+m-DLI, and for patients without persistent CR, they underwent HSCT2 if they consented. HSCT1, first allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; HSCT2, second allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; Chemo+m-DLI, chemotherapy plus modified donor lymphocyte infusion; CR, complete remission; NR, non-remission.
Variable HSCT1 (N=28)
Median age (year) 28 (3–48)
Patients age, year, n (%)
≤30
>30		 18 (64.3%)
10 (35.7%)
Sex, n (%)
Male
Female		 22 (78.6%)
6 (21.4%)
Underlying disease, n (%)
AML
ALL		 21 (56.8%)
7 (43.2%)
Risk stratification before HSCT1, n (%)
High risk
Standard risk		 16 (57.1%)
12 (42.9%)
Disease status before HSCT1, n (%)
CR
NR		 23 (82.1%)
5 (17.9%)
Donor for HSCT1, n (%)
MSD
Haplo-donor
URD		 15 (53.6%)
11 (39.3%)
2 (7.1%)
Conditioning for HSCT1, n (%)
BU/CY+ ATG
BU/CY
TBI/CY		 13 (46.4%)
14 (50.0%)
1 (3.6%)
Sex match (donor/recipient) , n (%)
Female–female
Female–male
Male–male
Male–female		 4 (14.3%)
7 (25.0%)
13 (46.4%)
4 (14.3%)
a-GVHD, n (%)
Grade 1–2
Grade 3–4		 7 (25.0%)
0
c-GVHD, n (%)
Mild
Moderate
Severe		 4 (14.3%)
3 (10.7%)
0
Duration of remission after HSCT1, n (%)
?6 months
≥6 months		 9 (32.1%)
19 (67.9%)
Relapse, n (%)
Marrow relapse
Marrow+ extramedullary relapse		 26 (92.9%)
2 (7.1%)
Tab.1  Baseline characteristics for HSCT1
Fig.2  Patient accrual flowchart of Chemo+m-DLI. Chemo+m-DLI, chemotherapy plus modified donor lymphocyte infusion; CR, complete remission; NR, non-remission.
Variable HSCT2 (N=28)
Time between HSCT1 and HSCT2, day 360.5 (121–1890)
Time from relapse to HSCT2, day 146.5 (55–1070)
Percentage of blast before HSCT2 15% (6%–92%)
Duration from HSCT1 to HSCT2, n (%)
≤12 months
>12 months		 13 (46.4%)
15 (53.6%)
Patient age at HSCT2, year 25.5 (3–53)
Donor age at HSCT2, year, n (%)
≤30 years
30–45 years
≥45 years		 39 (17–57)
10 (35.7%)
13 (46.4%)
5 (17.9%)
Conditioning for HSCT2, n (%)
TBI based
BU based		 20 (71.4%)
8 (28.6%)
Sex match (donor/recipient) at HSCT2, n (%)
Female–female
Female–male
Male–male
Male–female		 3 (10.7%)
6 (21.4%)
14 (50.0%)
5 (17.9%)
Donor type for HSCT2, n (%)
MSD
Haplo-donor
URD		 10 (35.7%)
17 (60.7%)
1 (3.6%)
Donor change, n (%)
Yes
No		 9 (32.1%)
19 (69.7%)
Engraftment after HSCT2 (WBC) , n (%)
Yes
No		 27 (96.4%)
1 (3.6%)
Response to HSCT2, n (%)
Complete remission
Persistent leukemia		 26 (92.9%)
2 (5.4%)
Acute GVHD after HSCT2, n (%)
Grade 0–1
Grade 2–4		 21 (75.0%)
7 (25.0%)
Chronic GVHD after HSCT2, n (%)
Mild
Moderate
Severe
No		 3 (10.7%)
6 (21.4%)
2 (7.1%)
17 (60.7%)
Relapse after initial response to HSCT2, n (%)
Yes
No		 11 (39.3%)
17 (60.7%)
Cause of death after HSCT2, n (%)
Infection or other complication
Relapse		 7 (30.4%)
16 (69.6%)
Tab.2  Baseline characteristics for HSCT2
Fig.3  Outcomes of HSCT2. (A) Probability of OS at 1 year post-HSCT2. (B) Probability of DFS at 1 year post-HSCT2. (C) Cumulative incidence of NRM at 1 year post-HSCT2. (D) Cumulative incidence of relapse at 1 year post-HSCT2.
Fig.4  Donor change situations. Survival and NRM according to transplantation type in HSCT1 and donor change in HSCT2. HSCT1, first allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; HSCT2, second allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; Chemo+m-DLI, chemotherapy plus modified donor lymphocyte infusion; MSD, matched sibling donor; Haplo-donor, haploidentical donor; URD, unrelated donor; NRM, nonrelapse mortality.
Variable Univariate analysis
OS DFS
HR (95% CI) P HR (95% CI) P
Patient-related variables
Age (≤30 years vs.>30 years)
Gender (female vs. male)		 0.595 (0.244–1.452)
1.226 (0.412–3.653)		 0.254
0.714		 0.781 (0.325–1.875)
0.669 (0.225–1.982)		 0.580
0.468
Disease-related variables
Percentage of blasts
Risk stratification pre-HSCT1
Time from HSCT1 to relapse (≤6 months vs. >6 months)
Time from HSCT1 to HSCT2 (≤12 months vs. >12 months)
Times from relapse to HSCT2 (≤6 months vs. >6 months)		 1.017 (0.999–1.026)
0.397 (0.159–0.993)
2.183 (0.890–5.355)
2.055 (0.868–4.867)
0.665 (0.270–1.637)		 0.063
0.048
0.088
0.102
0.375		 1.016 (0.998–1.024)
0.282 (0.113–0.708)
6.198 (2.171–17.691)
3.311 (1.399–7.837)
0.861 (0.357–2.079)		 0.074
0.007
0.001
0.006
0.740
Transplant-related variables
HSCT1
Disease status pre-HSCT1
a-GVHD
c-GVHD
HSCT2
Donor age (≤30 years vs. >30 years)
Donor sex (male vs. female)
Conditioning (TBI vs. BU) for HSCT2
Donor change (yes vs. no)		 0.712 (0.238–2.131)
1.179 (0.431–3.227)
0.822 (0.276–2.450)
0.882 (0.365–2.133)
0.851 (0.343–2.114)
2.065 (0.816–5.114)
0.847 (0.328–2.186)		 0.543
0.748
0.725
0.781
0.729
0.126
0.731		 0.892 (0.300–2.649)
0.859 (0.316–2.334)
1.132 (0.381–3.362)
1.058 (0.442–2.531)
1.072 (0.436–2.634)
0.615 (0.247–1.531)
0.670 (0.261–1.715)		 0.836
0.765
0.824
0.899
0.879
0.296
0.403
Variables Multivariate analysis
OS DFS
HR (95% CI) P HR (95% CI) P
Time from HSCT1 to relapse (≤6 months vs. >6 months)
Time from HSCT1 to HSCT2 (≤12 months vs. >12 months)
Risk stratification pre-HSCT1		 1.135 (0.376–3.420)
0.342 (0.132–0.886)		 0.822
0.027		 6.198 (2.171–17.691)
1.195 (0.299–4.780)
0.388 (0.124–1.209)		 0.001
0.801
0.103
Percentage of blasts 1.022 (1.002–1.042) 0.031 1.013 (0.995–1.031) 0.156
Tab.3  Univariate and multivariate analyses
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