When optical microscopy meets all-optical analog computing: A brief review

doi:10.1007/s11467-023-1271-9

Front. Phys.

2023, Vol. 18

Issue (4) : 42601 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-023-1271-9

TOPICAL REVIEW

When optical microscopy meets all-optical analog computing: A brief review

Yichang Shou, Jiawei Liu, Hailu Luo(

)

Laboratory for Spin Photonics, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China

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Abstract

As a revolutionary observation tool in life science, biomedical, and material science, optical microscopy allows imaging of samples with high spatial resolution and a wide field of view. However, conventional microscopy methods are limited to single imaging and cannot accomplish real-time image processing. The edge detection, image enhancement and phase visualization schemes have attracted great interest with the rapid development of optical analog computing. The two main physical mechanisms that enable optical analog computing originate from two geometric phases: the spin-redirection Rytov-Vlasimirskii-Berry (RVB) phase and the Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) phase. Here, we review the basic principles and recent research progress of the RVB phase and PB phase based optical differentiators. Then we focus on the innovative and emerging applications of optical analog computing in microscopic imaging. Optical analog computing is accelerating the transformation of information processing from classical imaging to quantum techniques. Its intersection with optical microscopy opens opportunities for the development of versatile and compact optical microscopy systems.

Keywords optical microscopy optical analog computing all-optical image processing

Corresponding Author(s): Hailu Luo

Issue Date: 21 March 2023

Cite this article:

Yichang Shou,Jiawei Liu,Hailu Luo. When optical microscopy meets all-optical analog computing: A brief review[J]. Front. Phys. , 2023, 18(4): 42601.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fop/EN/10.1007/s11467-023-1271-9
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fop/EN/Y2023/V18/I4/42601

Fig.1 An overview of the combination with optical analog computing in optical microscopy, containing the brief development routes of both [14]. Spin-redirection Rytov?Vlasimirskii?Berry phase: Dark-field differentiation [29], quantitative phase imaging [44], photonic spin-Hall microscopy [48]. Pancharatnam?Berry phase: 2D high-contrast imaging [26], broad-band vectorial DIC [47], spin splitting microscopy [83]. Others: Optimized multilayer films [46], nanophotonics coverslip [49], entanglement phase contrast [91].

Fig.2 Generation of geometric phases and photonic SHE. (a) Non-trivial parallel transport of wave vectors in momentum space generates geometric phase. (b) Photonic SHE based on the RVB phase at an air-glass interface. (c) Geometric features of polarization evolutions on the momentum space. (d) Stokes vector for non-trivial parallel transfer in Stokes parameter space. (e) Circularly polarized light acquires PB phase gradients through a localized optical axis variation of the metasurface. (f) The PB phase-induced polarization evolution on the Poincaré sphere. (b, c) Reproduced from Ref. [48]. (e, f) Reproduced from Ref. [42].

Fig.3 The RVB phase-based optical differential operations and image edge detection. (a) Schematic illustration of spatial differentiation of photonic SHE at the interface of isotropic media. (b) Experimental results of edge detection for amplitude patterns. (c) Air-glass reflection interface realization optical fully differentiator. (d) The edge detection images when the polarization angle of the incident light is 0°, 10°, 40° respectively. (e) Diagram of the photonic spin-Hall differentiator experimental setup, inset shows the actual phase pattern. (f) Bright-field and differential images of phase patterns. (a, b) Reproduced from Ref. [37]. (c, d) Reproduced from Ref. [38]. (e, f) Reproduced from Ref. [48].

Fig.4 The PB phase-based optical differential operations and image edge detection. (a) PB phase metasurface differentiator. The right figures represent the metasurface-induced Fourier space spectrum and real-space image. (b) Broadband edge detection experiments with three wavelengths of

430 n m

500 n m

, and

670 n m

, respectively. (c) Optical differential operations and corresponding phase distributions based on inversely designed metasurface. (d) All-optical image edge detection optical system. (e) Experimental setup for vector differential operations based on computational metasurface. The inset presents the resolution target (object). (f) 1D differential operations in x- and y-directions and 2D edge detection images. (g) Schematic diagram of a higher-order spatial differentiator based on cascaded operations. (h) All-optical spatial second-order differentiator for phase objects. (a, b) Reproduced from Ref. [20]. (c, d) Reproduced from Ref. [70]. (e, f) Reproduced from Ref. [47]. (g, h) Reproduced from Ref. [71].

Fig.5 Microscopically enhanced imaging based on optical interface reflection. (a) Schematic diagram of phase analysis for polarization modulation at the air-glass interface. (b) Results of horizontal partial derivatives of epithelial cell phase distribution. (c) 2D Fourier algorithm to recover phase results and original phase distribution. (d) Photonic spin-Hall differential microscopy optical path. (e) Bright-field and differential images of unlabeled onion and shallot cells. (f) Quantitative phase microscopy reconstruction of the

350 n m

focus star phase distribution. (a?c) Reproduced from Ref. [44]. (d?f) Reproduced from Ref. [47].

Fig.6 High-contrast microscopy imaging based on the PB phase metasurfaces. (a) 2D PB phase metasurface combined with commercial microscopy. (b) Different microscopic modes of observing HUVEC, from top to bottom, bright-field, dark-field, phase contrast, and differential images, respectively. (c) Metasurface single shot QPGI optical path and polarization direction of camera pixels. (d) Pattern simulation and NIH₃T₃ cells imaging for single shot QPGI. (e) Experimental setup of the vectorial DIC microscope. (f) Phase target 1D and 2D edge microscopy images. (a, b) Reproduced from Ref. [29]. (c, d) Reproduced from Ref. [83]. (e, f) Reproduced from Ref. [47].

Fig.7 Quantum differential and dark-field microscopies. (a) How conventional DIC and quantum differential microscopies work. (b) Images of sample taken using the entanglement and classical light source illumination. Conformity count data are taken from the red box and the black solid line is the theoretical fit curve. (c) The electromagnetic field emitted by an oscillating dipole. (d) Schematic diagram of a quantum bright and dark field imaging with remote control of polarization entanglement. (e) Bright- and dark-field images of cells taken with ICCD internal and external triggers. (a, b) Reproduced from Ref. [91]. (c?e) Reproduced from Ref. [29].

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