A survey on EOSIO systems security: vulnerability, attack, and mitigation

doi:10.1007/s11704-024-3278-y

Front. Comput. Sci.

2025, Vol. 19

Issue (6) : 196806 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11704-024-3278-y

Information Security

A survey on EOSIO systems security: vulnerability, attack, and mitigation

Ningyu HE¹, Haoyu WANG²(

), Lei WU³, Xiapu LUO⁴, Yao GUO¹(

), Xiangqun CHEN¹

¹. Key Laboratory of High Confidence Software Technologies (Peking University), Ministry of Education; School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
². School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
³. School of Cyber Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310007, China
⁴. Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China

Download: PDF(4095 KB) HTML
Export: BibTeX | EndNote | Reference Manager | ProCite | RefWorks

Abstract

EOSIO, as a representative of blockchain 3.0 platforms, immediately follows in the footsteps of Bitcoin and Ethereum. It has raised the largest ever initial coin offering, and its market capitalization has reached up to $14.3 billion. Innovatively, EOSIO brings adopts lots of new features, like the delegated proof of stake consensus algorithm and updatable smart contracts. Not only these features lead to a prosperity of the decentralized application ecosystem, but they also inevitably introduce loopholes. For example, EOSBet, a famous gambling DApp, was attacked twice within a single month and lost more than $1 million. To the best of our knowledge, little work has surveyed the EOSIO from a security researcher’s perspective. To fill this gap, we firstly abstract the complicated EOSIO ecosystem into components following hierarchical relationships, upon which we delve deeper for root causes of all existing vulnerabilities. We also systematically study possible attacks and mitigations against these vulnerabilities, and summarize several best practices for developers, EOSIO official, and security researchers to shed light on future directions.

Keywords EOSIO blockchain smart contract

Corresponding Author(s): Haoyu WANG,Yao GUO

Just Accepted Date: 12 April 2024 Issue Date: 10 July 2024

Cite this article:

Ningyu HE,Haoyu WANG,Lei WU, et al. A survey on EOSIO systems security: vulnerability, attack, and mitigation[J]. Front. Comput. Sci., 2025, 19(6): 196806.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcs/EN/10.1007/s11704-024-3278-y
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcs/EN/Y2025/V19/I6/196806

Fig.1 The architecture of EOSIO

Fig.2 The model of transaction and action in EOSIO

Fig.3 The process of transferring EOS from

u s e r

d a p p

Fig.4 The hierarchical permissions of

a l i c e

, and the corresponding authority table of the

t r a n s f e r

permission

Listing 1 An example of

a p p l y

in EOSIO smart contract. Note that it is vulnerable to the fake EOS vulnerability

	Direct invocation	Notification
$r e c e i v e r$	The callee	The notified account
$c o d e$	Current account	The account initiating the notification
$a c t i o n$	The invoked function’s name	In which function the notification is initiated

Tab.1 The meaning of arguments in

a p p l y

under two circumstances

	Ethereum smart contract	EOSIO smart contract
Source language	Solidity	C++
Target language	EVM Bytecode / EWasm (future)	WebAssembly
Amount of instructions	154	172
Type of instructions	?	Float number related instructions; Typecast related instructions; $b r_t a b l e$ instruction;
Control flow complexity	Simple	Complicated
Running environment	Ethereum VM	EOS VM
Data structure in VM	stack, memory, storage	stack, local, global, memory, table

Tab.2 Comparison between EOSIO contracts and Ethereum contracts

Fig.5 The vulnerabilities in EOSIO, and their corresponding locations and causes

Listing 2 Invalid integer overflow check on

a s s e t

Listing 3 The compiled (with

? O 3

optimization) Wasm bytecode corresponding to Line 2 in

Fig.6 Attacks in EOSIO, as well as their corresponding vulnerabilities and consequences

Listing 4 The vulnerable dispatcher of EOSBet

Listing 5 The vulnerable

t r a n s f e r

function of EOSBet

Fig.7 The procedure of fake receipt attack

Fig.8 The strategies in revealing random numbers

Listing 6 The vulnerable random number generating algorithm for EOSDice before the first attack

Listing 7 The process of calculating

t o t a l_e o s

that replaces the

p o o l_e o s

Listing 8 Part of the

t r a n s f e r

function in vault.sx

Listing 9 Part of the

u p d a t e

function in vault.sx

Fig.9 The inline reflex attack that exploits

V 7

Listing 10 The

t r a n s f e r

function in

e o s i o . t o k e n

Fig.10 The processes of initiating

A 14

and

A 15

Listing 11 The way of implementing a malicious deferred transaction by triggering the

s e n d

function

Fig.11 How the EIDOS project works

Listing 12 An instance about

A 18

	EOSIO toolchain	Smart contract programming									EOSIO design			Total
	$V 1$	$V 2$	$V 3$	$V 4$	$V 5$	$V 6$	$V 7$	$V 8$	$V 9$	$V 10$	$V 11$	$V 12$	$V 13$	Total
$M 1$		$√$	$√$			$√$			$√$					4
$M 2$		$√$	$√$	$√$										3
$M 3$		$√$	$√$											2
$M 4$														0
$M 5$											$√$		$√$	2
$M 6$		$√$	$√$	$√$										3
Total	0	4	4	2	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1

Tab.3 Smart contract analysis mitigations with their corresponding vulnerabilities

Fig.12 The best practices and behind principles against vulnerabilities in EOSIO

1	S Nakamoto . Bitcoin: a peer-to-peer decentralized cryptocurrency system. See bitcoin.org/en/ website, 2019
2	Bitcoin’s market cap. See coinmarketcap.com/currencies/bitcoin/ website, 2023
3	coindesk. TPS for blockchain platforms. See academy.binance.com/hu/glossary/transactions-per-second-tps# website, 2023
4	Unlimited size of blocks. See bitcoinsv.com website, 2023
5	Ethereum Layer-2 solution. See ethereum.org/en/layer-2/ website, 2023
6	Bitcoin transaction fee. See ycharts.com/indicators/bitcoin_average_transaction_fee website, 2023
7	Ethereum transaction fee. See etherscan.io/chart/avg-txfee-usd website, 2023
8	E, Heilman A, Kendler A, Zohar S Goldberg . Eclipse attacks on Bitcoin’s peer-to-peer network. In: Proceedings of the 24th USENIX Conference on Security Symposium. 2015, 129−144
9	Attack against Parity wallet. See blog.openzeppelin.com/on-the-parity-wallet-multisig-hack-405a8c12e8f7 website, 2023
10	EOSIO. EOSIO official site. See eos.io/ website, 2019
11	N, He R, Zhang H, Wang L, Wu X, Luo Y, Guo T, Yu X Jiang . EOSAFE: security analysis of EOSIO smart contracts. In: Proceedings of the 30th USENIX Security Symposium. 2021
12	J FRANKENFIELD . Definition of ICO. See investopedia.com/terms/i/initial-coin-offering-ico.asp website, 2019
13	K Rooney . ICO of EOSIO has raised up to 4 billion USD. See cnbc.com/2018/05/31/a-blockchain-start-up-just-raised-4-billion-without-a-live-product.html website, 2018
14	Peak of market cap of EOSIO. See coinmarketcap.com/currencies/eos/ website, 2023
15	The DPoS consensus. See en.bitcoinwiki.org/wiki/DPoS website, 2020
16	EOSIO network monitor. See eosnetworkmonitor.io/ website, 2020
17	WebAssembly Official Site. See webassembly.org/ website, 2019
18	RUSSO CRAIG . EOSIO surpasses Ethereum in transaction volume. See web.archive.org/web/20201109031452/ website, 2018
19	Aurora Tech. EOSBet official site. See eosbet.io/ website, 2020
20	EOS. EOSBet was attacked by Fake EOS vulnerability. See reddit.com/r/eos/comments/9fpcik/how_eosbet_attacked_by_aabbccddeefg/ website, 2018
21	PeckShield Inc. EOSBet was attacked by Fake Recipt. See web.archive.org/web/20211019032401/blog.peckshield.com/2018/10/26/eos/ website, 2018
22	Y Chen . Flaw in EOS VM. See web.archive.org/web/20230929130452/blogs.360.cn/post/eos-asset-multiplication-integer-overflow-vulnerability.html website, 2018
23	Inc PeckShield . Inline reflex. See web.archive.org/web/20210920113641/blog.peckshield.com/2018/12/18/inlineReflex/ website, 2018
24	Inc PeckShield . Blogs about blockchain security events. See web.archive.org/web/20210920115915/blog.peckshield.com/blog.html website, 2020
25	Zone SlowMist . Blockchain security events. See hacked.slowmist.io/en/ website, 2020
26	C Michel . Blog site of EOSIO technology. See cmichel.io/categories/EOS website, 2021
27	EOSIO. EOSIO whitepaper. See github.com/EOSIO/Documentation/blob/master/TechnicalWhitePaper.md#free-usage website, 2018
28	C Michel . Limitation of time of executing transaction. See cmichel.io/deferred-transactions-on-eos/ website, 2018
29	Walker Greg . Transaction fee of Bitcoin. See learnmeabitcoin.com/technical/transaction-fee website, 2016
30	Coen Emanuel . Transaction fee of Ethereum. See cryptotesters.com/blog/ethereum-gas website, 2020
31	ewasm. Official site of ewasm. See github.com/ewasm/design website, 2020
32	Forum: Bitcoin Gambling. See forum.bitcoingambling.io/ website, 2020
33	Forum: Reddit EOS section. See reddit.com/r/eos/ website, 2020
34	BCSEC. EOSIO asset overflow attack against eosfo.io. See //medium.com/@xyzkwang334/anonymous-team-behind-the-eos-werewolf-killing-imeos-and-its-strong-backing-helloeos-657e34a56365 website, 2018
35	Regehr J. Signed multiplication is undefined in c++. See blog.regehr.org/archives/213 website, 2010
36	Official patch for asset overflow vulnerability. See github.com/EOSIO/eos/commit/b7b34e5b794e323cdc306ca2764973e1ee0d168f website, 2018
37	L, Quan L, Wu H Wang . EVulHunter: detecting fake transfer vulnerabilities for EOSIO’s smart contracts at webassembly-level. 2019, arXiv preprint arXiv: 1906.10362
38	Y, Huang B, Jiang W K Chan . EOSFuzzer: fuzzing EOSIO smart contracts for vulnerability detection. In: Proceedings of the 12th Asia-Pacific Symposium on Internetware. 2020
39	Y, Huang H, Wang L, Wu G, Tyson X, Luo R, Zhang X, Liu G, Huang X Jiang . Understanding (Mis) behavior on the EOSIO blockchain. In: Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems. 2020, 1−28
40	SlowMist. Random number vulnerability. See medium.com/@slowmist/details-of-a-new-type-random-number-attack-on-eos-ede0211d9cc2 website, 2019
41	PeckShield. Random number vulnerability. See medium.com/@peckshield/defeating-eos-gambling-games-the-tech-behind-random-number-loophole-cf701c616dc0 website, 2018
42	Q Le . EOSDice attacked due to random number. See medium.com/leclevietnam/hacking-in-eos-contracts-and-how-to-prevent-it-b8663c8bffa6 website, 2018
43	D Larimer . An ideal prng prototype in eosio. See eosio.stackexchange.com/questions/41/how-can-i-generate-random-numbers-inside-a-smart-contract#answer-215 website, 2019
44	Titan EOS . DelphiOracle in EOSIO. See github.com/eostitan/delphioracle website, 2020
45	LiquidHarmony. LiquidOracles in EOSIO. See medium.com/the-liquidapps-blog/using-liquidoracles-on-eos-wax-telos-liquidapps-dapp-network-developer-walkthroughs-e810087e58e2 website, 2020
46	AlgoTrader, an oracle, in EOSIO. See eosio.algotrader.com/home website, 2021
47	Y, Chinen N, Yanai J P, Cruz S Okamura . RA: hunting for re-entrancy attacks in ethereum smart contracts via static analysis. In: Proceedings of 2020 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain (Blockchain). 2020, 327−336
48	M, Rodler W, Li G O, Karame L Davi . Sereum: protecting existing smart contracts against re-entrancy attacks. 2018, arXiv preprint arXiv: 1812.05934
49	C Michel . EOSIO re-entrancy attack. See cmichel.io/eos-vault-sx-hack/ website, 2021
50	SlowMist. Hard fail attack in EOSIO. See slowmist.medium.com/hard-fail-status-attack-for-eos-7cfa73ae7d4b website, 2019
51	SlowMist. Roll Back Attack about blacklist in EOSIO. See medium.com/@slowmist/roll-back-attack-about-blacklist-in-eos-adf53edd8d69 website, 2019
52	SlowMist. Rollback attack for betdiceadmin. See github.com/slowmist/eos-smart-contract-security-best-practices/blob/master/README_EN.md#random-number-practice website, 2019
53	Inc PeckShield . Transaction congestion attack in EOSIO. See web.archive.org/web/20210920120718/https://blog.peckshield.com/2019/01/15/eos_CVE-2019-6199/ website, 2019
54	EIDOS official site. See enumivo.org/ website, 2020
55	REX official site. See eosauthority.com/rex website, 2020
56	D, Perez J, Xu B Livshits . Revisiting transactional statistics of high-scalability blockchains. In: Proceedings of the ACM Internet Measurement Conference. 2020, 535−550
57	Inc PeckShield . CPU hijacking attack in EOSIO. See peckshield.medium.com/eidos-airdrop-stifles-the-liveness-of-eosio-network-acbb8fb5ebb4 website, 2019
58	Sotnichek M. RAM hijacking attack in EOSIO. See apriorit.com/dev-blog/576-eos-ram-exploit website, 2018
59	Consensus upgrade against CPU resources. See github.com/EOSIO/eos/issues/6332 website, 2018
60	SlowMist. memo attack in EOSIO. See hacked.slowmist.io/?c=EOS&page=2 website, 2019
61	EOSIO.SG. Private key compormising in EOSIO. See medium.com/@eosiosg/announcement-regarding-recent-exploit-event-efe8a1ad5d90 website, 2018
62	Definition of social engineering. See webroot.com/us/en/resources/tips-articles/what-is-social-engineering website, 2021
63	bloks.io. The victim of the asset overflow attack. See eosflare.io/account/zyixjmpxrrpr website, 2021
64	eosflare. Transaction records of the victim. See eosflare.io/account/zyixjmpxrrpr website, 2018
65	EOSIO. Source code of reference block. See github.com/EOSIO/eos/blob/26a4d285d0be1052d962149e431eb81500782991/programs/cleos/main.cpp#L409 website, 2021
66	Radar DApp . Daily volume of gambling DApp EOSDice. See dappradar.com/eos/gambling/eosdice website, 2018
67	Michel C. Attack against EOSPlay. See cmichel.io/what-really-happened-with-the-eos-play-hack/ website, 2019
68	Inc PeckShield . Financial loss of the random number attack against EOSPlay. See web.archive.org/web/20210423161849/https://blog.peckshield.com/2019/09/16/EOSPlay/ website, 2019
69	Official site of Vaults.sx. See eosx.io/defi/vaults website, 2021
70	AAVE. Defination of flash loan. See aave.com/flash-loans/ website, 2021
71	C Michel . The re-entrancy attack against Vaults.sx. See cmichel.io/eos-vault-sx-hack/ website, 2021
72	Transaction instance of permission-less injection attack. See eos.eosq.eosnation.io/tx/ad143e3da45f7661eb4540b51d23dc6bfaa64b1de6989297f3b4e2170e17ff08 website, 2021
73	Official patch for inline reflex. See github.com/EOSIO/eos/releases/tag/v1.5.1 website, 2018
74	eosfo.io requires players’ eosio.code permission. See cloud.tencent.com/developer/news/285297 website, 2018
75	CHINABTCNEWS. Fake deposit in Ethereum. See news.8btc.com/slowmist-3619-eth-based-tokens-are-affected-by-fake-deposit-vulnerability website, 2018
76	O YUSUFF . Fake deposit in Ripple. See newslogical.com/remitano-halts-bitcoin-ethereum-trading-indefinitely-over-fake-ripples-xrp-deposits/ website, 2019
77	SlowMist. Fake deposit attack in EOSIO. See slowmist.medium.com/details-and-solutions-for-false-top-up-attack-hard-fail-status-attack-on-eos-676b899d27b6 website, 2019
78	Mailicious rollback attack example in EOSIO. See web.archive.org/web/20230222105606 website, 2019
79	Example of transaction congestion. See eosq.app/block/02344b09116e94221737ae411c4ecd37f9da2778e0612a6d5f956edba9a12061 website, 2020
80	V Hatze . The severe result caused by EIDOS project. See dailycoin.com/2021-is-not-the-year-for-eos/ website, 2021
81	CoinGecko. Tradable EIDOS token in exchanges. See coingecko.com/en/coins/eidos website, 2021
82	Labs Titan . Historical price of CPU resource. See labs.eostitan.com/#/cpu-quota/?period=2019&mode=linear website, 2021
83	Inc PeckShield . Decrease of daily user resulted from EIDOS project. See web.archive.org/web/20210920105634/ website, 2019
84	RAM hijacking attack is reported by official. See bitcoinexchangeguide.com/breaking-eos-potential-eosio-ram-exploit-hack-vulnerability-solution-issued-but-large-exchanges-still-at-risk/ website, 2018
85	MrToph. Example of paying for user’s CPU. See github.com/MrToph/eos-pay-for-user-cpu-example website, 2019
86	GO EOS . Gambling DApps are extremely popular in EOSIO. See eosgo.io/blog/eos-shift-from-gambling-to-gaming-dapps website, 2019
87	C Staff . Re-entrancy attack in Ethereum targeting at TheDAO. See gemini.com/cryptopedia/the-dao-hack-makerdao website, 2021
88	D, Wang B, Jiang W K Chan . WANA: symbolic execution of wasm bytecode for cross-platform smart contract vulnerability detection. 2020, arXiv preprint arXiv: 2007.15510
89	S, Lee D, Kim D, Kim S, Son Y Kim . Who spent my EOS? On the (in) security of resource management of EOS.IO. In: Proceedings of the 13th USENIX Conference on Offensive Technologies. 2019
90	Z H, Yan W, Qian Z, Yang W, Zeng X, Yang A Li . TFFV: translator from EOS smart contracts to formal verification language. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Security. 2020, 652−663
91	I, Ashraf X, Ma B, Jiang W K Chan . GasFuzzer: fuzzing ethereum smart contract binaries to expose gas-oriented exception security vulnerabilities. IEEE Access, 2020, 8: 99552–99564
92	B, Jiang Y, Liu W K Chan . ContractFuzzer: Fuzzing smart contracts for vulnerability detection. In: Proceedings of the 33rd IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE). 2018, 259−269
93	Y, Zhao J, Liu Q, Han W, Zheng J Wu . Exploring EOSIO via graph characterization. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Blockchain and Trustworthy Systems. 2020
94	W, Zheng Z, Zheng H N, Dai X, Chen P Zheng . XBlock-EOS: extracting and exploring blockchain data from EOSIO. Information Processing & Management, 2021, 58( 3): 102477
95	EOS Cafe Block. Potential impact of REX on EOSIO’s resource system. See medium.com/@eoscafeblock/what-rex-means-for-token-holders-238375dea397 website, 2018
96	EOSIO. Bug bounty program of EOSIO. See eos.io/security-vulnerabilities/ website, 2021
97	D, Lehmann J, Kinder M Pradel . Everything old is new again: binary security of webassembly. In: Proceedings of the 29th USENIX Security Symposium. 2020, 217−234
98	A, Hilbig D, Lehmann M Pradel . An empirical study of real-world webassembly binaries: security, languages, use cases. In: Proceedings of the Web Conference 2021. 2021, 2696−2708
99	Q, Stiévenart Roover C De . Compositional information flow analysis for WebAssembly programs. In: Proceedings of the 20th IEEE International Working Conference on Source Code Analysis and Manipulation (SCAM). 2020, 13−24
100	D, Perez B Livshits . Smart contract vulnerabilities: vulnerable does not imply exploited. In: Proceedings of the 30th USENIX Security Symposium. 2021
101	X, Li P, Jiang T, Chen X, Luo Q Wen . A survey on the security of blockchain systems. Future Generation Computer Systems, 2020, 107: 841–853
102	Z, Zheng S, Xie H N, Dai X, Chen H Wang . Blockchain challenges and opportunities: a survey. International Journal of Web and Grid Services, 2018, 14( 4): 352–375
103	N, Atzei M, Bartoletti T Cimoli . A survey of attacks on ethereum smart contracts (Sok). In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Principles of Security and Trust, Held as Part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software. 2017, 164−186
104	P, Praitheeshan L, Pan J, Yu J, Liu R Doss . Security analysis methods on ethereum smart contract vulnerabilities: a survey. 2019, arXiv preprint arXiv: 1908.08605
105	H, Chen M, Pendleton L, Njilla S Xu . A survey on ethereum systems security: vulnerabilities, attacks, and defenses. ACM Computing Surveys, 2021, 53( 3): 67
106	A, Wahab W Mehmood . Survey of consensus protocols. 2018, arXiv preprint arXiv: 1810.03357
107	Z, Zheng S, Xie H N, Dai W, Chen X, Chen J, Weng M Imran . An overview on smart contracts: challenges, advances and platforms. Future Generation Computer Systems, 2020, 105: 475–491
108	G T, Nguyen K Kim . A survey about consensus algorithms used in blockchain. Journal of Information Processing Systems, 2018, 14( 1): 101–128
109	H N, Dai Z, Zheng Y Zhang . Blockchain for internet of things: a survey. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2019, 6( 5): 8076–8094
110	J, Al-Jaroodi N Mohamed . Blockchain in industries: a survey. IEEE Access, 2019, 7: 36500–36515
111	Francesco Maesa D, Di P Mori . Blockchain 3. 0 applications survey. Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, 2020, 138: 99–114
112	X, Wang X, Zha W, Ni R P, Liu Y J, Guo X, Niu K Zheng . Survey on blockchain for internet of things. Computer Communications, 2019, 136: 10–29
113	D, Berdik S, Otoum N, Schmidt D, Porter Y Jararweh . A survey on blockchain for information systems management and security. Information Processing & Management, 2021, 58( 1): 102397
114	T, Huynh-The T R, Gadekallu W, Wang G, Yenduri P, Ranaweera Q V, Pham Costa D B, da M Liyanage . Blockchain for the metaverse: a review. Future Generation Computer Systems, 2023, 143: 401–419
115	K, Gai J, Guo L, Zhu S Yu . Blockchain meets cloud computing: a survey. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 2020, 22( 3): 2009–2030
116	Q, Zhou H, Huang Z, Zheng J Bian . Solutions to scalability of blockchain: a survey. IEEE Access, 2020, 8: 16440–16455
117	A A, Monrat O, Schelén K Andersson . A survey of blockchain from the perspectives of applications, challenges, and opportunities. IEEE Access, 2019, 7: 117134–117151
118	Q, Feng D, He S, Zeadally M K, Khan N Kumar . A survey on privacy protection in blockchain system. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 2019, 126: 45–58
119	P, Tasatanattakool C Techapanupreeda . Blockchain: Challenges and applications. In: Proceedings of 2018 International Conference on Information Networking (ICOIN). 2018, 473−475
120	D, Lee D H Lee . Push and pull: Manipulating a production schedule and maximizing rewards on the EOSIO blockchain. In: Proceedings of the 3rd ACM Workshop on Blockchains, Cryptocurrencies and Contracts. 2019, 11−21
121	W, Song W, Zhang L, Zhai L, Liu J, Wang S, Huang B Li . EOS.IO blockchain data analysis. The Journal of Supercomputing. 2022, 1−32
122	W, Zheng B, Liu H N, Dai Z, Jiang Z, Zheng M Imran . Unravelling token ecosystem of EOSIO blockchain. 2022, arXiv preprint arXiv: 2202.11201
123	J Á, Fernández-Carrasco X, Echeberria-Barrio D, Paredes-García F, Zola R Orduna-Urrutia . ChronoEOS 2. 0: device fingerprinting and EOSIO blockchain technology for on-running forensic analysis in an IoT environment. Smart Cities, 2023, 6( 2): 897–912
124	J A, Fernandez-Carrasco T, Egues-Arregui F, Zola R Orduna-Urrutia . ChronoEOS: configuration control system based on EOSIO blockchain for on-running forensic analysis. In: Prieto J, Benítez Martínez F L, Ferretti S, Arroyo Guardeño D, Tomás Nevado-Batalla P, eds. Blockchain and Applications, 4th International Congress. Cham: Springer, 2023, 37−47
125	I, Mokdad N M Hewahi . Empirical evaluation of blockchain smart contracts. In: Khan M A, Quasim M T, Algarni F, Alharthi A, eds. Decentralised Internet of Things: A Blockchain Perspective. Cham: Springer, 2020, 45−71
126	J, Shen J, Zhou Y, Xie S, Yu Q Xuan . Identity inference on blockchain using graph neural network. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Blockchain and Trustworthy Systems. 2021, 3−17
127	N, He W, Su Z, Yu X, Liu F, Zhao H, Wang X, Luo G, Tyson L, Wu Y Guo . Understanding the evolution of blockchain ecosystems: a longitudinal measurement study of bitcoin, ethereum, and EOSIO. 2021, arXiv preprint arXiv: 2110.07534
128	J, Liu W, Zheng D, Lu J, Wu Z Zheng . Understanding the decentralization of DPoS: perspectives from data-driven analysis on EOSIO. 2022, arXiv preprint arXiv: 2201.06187
129	Salve A, De A, Lisi P, Mori L Ricci . Measuring EOS.IO DApp resource allocation and costs through a benchmark application. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Blockchain Technology and Applications. 2021, 24−30
130	L T, Li M Zhang . Poster: EOSDFA: Data flow analysis of EOSIO smart contracts. In: Proceedings of the 2022 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security. 2022, 3391−3393
131	W, Chen Z, Sun H, Wang X, Luo H, Cai L Wu . WASAI: uncovering vulnerabilities in Wasm smart contracts. In: Proceedings of the 31st ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis. 2022, 703−715
132	M U Rahman . Scalable role-based access control using the EOS blockchain. 2020, arXiv preprint arXiv: 2007.02163

[1]

FCS-23278-OF-NH_suppl_1

Download

[1]	Xihan ZHANG, Jiashuo ZHANG, Jianbo GAO, Libin XIA, Zhi GUAN, Hao HU, Zhong CHEN. A sharding blockchain-based UAV system for search and rescue missions[J]. Front. Comput. Sci., 2025, 19(3): 193805-.
[2]	Chenhao YING, Haiming JIN, Jie LI, Xueming SI, Yuan LUO. Incentive mechanism design via smart contract in blockchain-based edge-assisted crowdsensing[J]. Front. Comput. Sci., 2025, 19(3): 193802-.
[3]	Mizhipeng ZHANG, Chentao WU, Jie LI, Minyi GUO. Dynamic-EC: an efficient dynamic erasure coding method for permissioned blockchain systems[J]. Front. Comput. Sci., 2025, 19(1): 191101-.
[4]	Nan SUN, Wei WANG, Yongxin TONG, Kexin LIU. Blockchain based federated learning for intrusion detection for Internet of Things[J]. Front. Comput. Sci., 2024, 18(5): 185328-.
[5]	Tiezheng GUO, Zhiwei ZHANG, Ye YUAN, Xiaochun YANG, Guoren WANG. Hybrid concurrency control protocol for data sharing among heterogeneous blockchains[J]. Front. Comput. Sci., 2024, 18(3): 183104-.
[6]	Xingxing CHEN, Qingfeng CHENG, Weidong YANG, Xiangyang LUO. An anonymous authentication and secure data transmission scheme for the Internet of Things based on blockchain[J]. Front. Comput. Sci., 2024, 18(3): 183807-.
[7]	B Swaroopa REDDY, T Uday Kiran REDDY. CompactChain: an efficient stateless chain for UTXO-model blockchain[J]. Front. Comput. Sci., 2024, 18(2): 182806-.
[8]	Guocheng ZHU, Debiao HE, Haoyang AN, Min LUO, Cong PENG. The governance technology for blockchain systems: a survey[J]. Front. Comput. Sci., 2024, 18(2): 182813-.
[9]	Jian AN, Siyuan WU, Xiaolin GUI, Xin HE, Xuejun ZHANG. A blockchain-based framework for data quality in edge-computing-enabled crowdsensing[J]. Front. Comput. Sci., 2023, 17(4): 174503-.
[10]	Peng LI, Junzuo LAI, Yongdong WU. Accountable attribute-based authentication with fine-grained access control and its application to crowdsourcing[J]. Front. Comput. Sci., 2023, 17(1): 171802-.
[11]	Chaofan WANG, Xiaohai DAI, Jiang XIAO, Chenchen LI, Ming WEN, Bingbing ZHOU, Hai JIN. Demystifying Ethereum account diversity: observations, models and analysis[J]. Front. Comput. Sci., 2022, 16(4): 164505-.
[12]	Zeli WANG, Hai JIN, Weiqi DAI, Kim-Kwang Raymond CHOO, Deqing ZOU. Ethereum smart contract security research: survey and future research opportunities[J]. Front. Comput. Sci., 2021, 15(2): 152802-.
[13]	Yan ZHU, Khaled RIAD, Ruiqi GUO, Guohua GAN, Rongquan FENG. New instant confirmation mechanism based on interactive incontestable signature in consortium blockchain[J]. Front. Comput. Sci., 2019, 13(6): 1182-1197.
[14]	Lian YU, Wei-Tek TSAI. State synchronization in process-oriented chaincode[J]. Front. Comput. Sci., 2019, 13(6): 1166-1181.
[15]	Yu ZHANG, Yuxing HAN, Jiangtao WEN. SMER: a secure method of exchanging resources in heterogeneous internet of things[J]. Front. Comput. Sci., 2019, 13(6): 1198-1209.

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed