Materials and surface engineering to control bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation: A review of recent advances

doi:10.1007/s11705-014-1412-3

Front Chem Sci Eng

2014, Vol. 8

Issue (1) : 20-33 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-014-1412-3

REVIEW ARTICLE

Materials and surface engineering to control bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation: A review of recent advances

Huan GU¹, Dacheng REN^1,2(

)

1. Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; 2. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA

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Abstract

Bacterial adhesion to surfaces and subsequent biofilm formation are a leading cause of chronic infections and biofouling. These processes are highly sensitive to environmental factors and present a challenge to research using traditional approaches with uncontrolled surfaces. Recent advances in materials research and surface engineering have brought exciting opportunities to pattern bacterial cell clusters and to obtain synthetic biofilms with well-controlled cell density and morphology of cell clusters. In this article, we will review the recent achievements in this field and comment on the future directions.

Keywords surface engineering materials bacterial adhesion biofilm control review

Corresponding Author(s): REN Dacheng,Email:dren@syr.edu

Issue Date: 05 March 2014

Cite this article:

Huan GU,Dacheng REN. Materials and surface engineering to control bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation: A review of recent advances[J]. Front Chem Sci Eng, 2014, 8(1): 20-33.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/10.1007/s11705-014-1412-3
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/Y2014/V8/I1/20

Fig.1 Cell confinement using lipid-silica structures. (A) Schematic description of the cell-directed integration of microbes in lipid templated silica films. The insert image (a5) is an atomic force microscopy (AFM) image of a cell encapsulated in a lipid-silica shell. Reproduced with permission from Ref []. (B) Single cells in lipid-silica droplets on glass surfaces. b1) Schematic description of a cell incorporated in an endosome-like lipid vesicle within a lipid-silica droplet on glass surface. b2) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of the lipid-silica structure. b3 and b4) Left: plan-view optical image of individual cells in droplets. Right top: different interference contract (DIC) image of the confined cells. Right center: red fluorescence image of a stained cell. Right bottom: green fluorescence image of lipid on cell surface labeled with 7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl (NBD) (b3); image of localized pH labeled with oregon green pH-sensitive dye (Bar= 5 μm). Reproduced with permission from Ref. []

Fig.2 Individual cells trapped in microwells or microchambers. (A) Comparison of adhesion on flat and modified surfaces. a1) Top: fluorescence image of bacterial adhesion on flat surfaces. Bottom: fluorescence image of bacterial adhesion on a periodically structured epoxy surface. SYTOX green nucleic acid stain was used to label cells (Bar= 10 μm). a2 and a3) Cross-sectional SEM image of PA14 cells on flat (a2) and structured surfaces (a3) (Bar= 1 μm). Reproduced with permission from Ref []. (B) Controlling the shape of filamentous cells in microchambers fabricated in agarose containing growth media. b1) Schematic description of the microchambers. b2) A single cell confined in a microchamber. b3) Growth of a filamentous cell in the presence of cephalexin. b4) Cell is released into solution. b5 and b6) Phase-contrast microscopy images of donut-shaped microchambers with cells before (b5) and after (b6) the growth of filamentous cells (Bar= 50 μm). b7) Phase-contrast image of spiral, filamentous cells in solution (Bar= 10 μm). Reproduced with permission from Ref. []

Fig.3 Bacterial microcontact-printing. (A-E) Schematic description of the process. (F) Image of an agarose stamp (Bar= 10 mm). (G) Circle-shaped patterns of colonies (Bar= 2 mm). (H) Checkerboard patterns of colonies (Bar= 2 mm). (I) Honeycomb patterns clonies (Bar= 250 μm). Reproduced with permission from Ref. []

Fig.4 Small groups of bacterial cells confined in hydrogel microchambers or microstructures. (A) The confinement of cells in lobster traps with walls consisted of various proteins. a1) Schematic description of the optical setup. a2) Heart-shaped, 2-picoliter traps with (left and right) and without (middle) cells (Bar= 5 μm). a3) Confocal images of traps with cells after 2 h gentamicin treatment at the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). Reproduced with permission from Ref. []. (B) microcolonies in 3D gelatin structures. b1) Confocal images of microcolonies in a surface-anchored 2-pL pyramid (top) and an untethered 3-pL torus (bottom). b2) Confocal images of six physically segregated populations in 3D spheroid cavities tethered to the glass substrate. b3) Three connected spheroid cavities tethered to the glass surface by cylindrical posts. The top-down DIC image (left), side-on confocal image (center) and top-down confocal image (right) are shown. Reproduced with permission from Ref. []. (C) Diffusion of HSL between biofilm cell clusters confined in hydrogel chambers. Reproduced with permission from Ref. []

Fig.5 Confinement of bacterial cells by patterning surfaces. (A) A corral array of trapped cells (Bar= 20 μm). Reproduced with permission from Ref. []. (B) Square-shaped biofilms on gold surfaces modified by with methyl-SAM (patterns) and TEG-SAM (background) through microcontact printing. b1) Schematic description of the patterned gold surfaces. b2) Representative image of 72 h patterned biofilms formed on modified gold surfaces (Bar= 50 μm). Cells were labeled with LIVE/DEAD BacLight Bacterial Viability Kit (Life Technologies Inc., Carlsbad, CA, USA). b3) Representative image of cell clusters after 3 h of initial attachment and 7 h of growth (Bar= 10 μm). Cells are labeled with SYTO? 9. Reproduced with permission from Ref. []

Fig.6 Representative SEM images of biofilm formation on smooth (left column) and Sharklet AF (right column) PDMS surfaces. (A) and (B) day 0, (C) and (D) Day 2, (E) and (F) Day 7, (G) and (H) Day 14, and (I) and (J) Day 21. Reproduced with permission from Ref. []

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