Alkylation of benzene with carbon dioxide to low-carbon aromatic hydrocarbons over bifunctional Zn-Ti/HZSM-5 catalyst

doi:10.1007/s11705-021-2045-y

Front. Chem. Sci. Eng.

2022, Vol. 16

Issue (3) : 384-396 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-021-2045-y

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Alkylation of benzene with carbon dioxide to low-carbon aromatic hydrocarbons over bifunctional Zn-Ti/HZSM-5 catalyst

Xiangyu Liu¹, Yanling Pan², Peng Zhang¹, Yilin Wang¹, Guohao Xu¹, Zhaojie Su¹, Xuedong Zhu¹(

), Fan Yang¹(

)

¹. Engineering Research Center of Large-Scale Reactor Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
². Department of Product Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China

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Abstract

Alkylation of benzene to value-added, high octane number and low toxic toluene and xylenes provides a way to lower benzene content in gasoline pool, and is hence a method to promote fuel quality. On the other hand, CO₂ accumulation in the atmosphere causes global warming and requires effective route for its valorization. Utilization of CO₂ as a carbon source for benzene alkylation could achieve both goals. Herein, alkylation of benzene with CO₂ and H₂ was realized by a series of low-cost bifunctional catalysts containing zinc/titanium oxides (Zn/Ti oxides) and HZSM-5 molecular sieves in a fixed-bed reactor. By regulating and controlling oxygen vacancies of Zn/Ti oxides and the acidities of HZSM-5, benzene conversion and CO₂ conversion reached 28.7% and 29.9% respectively, along with a total selectivity of toluene and xylene higher than 90%. In this process, more than 25% CO₂ was effectively utilized and incorporated into the target products. Moreover, the mechanism of the reaction was analyzed and the course was simultaneously traced. CO₂ was transformed into methanol firstly, and then methanol reacted with benzene generating toluene and xylene. The innovation provides a new method for upgrading of fuels and upcycling the emissions of CO₂, which is of great environmental and economic benefits.

Keywords carbon dioxide benzene alkylation bifunctional catalyst mechanism

Corresponding Author(s): Xuedong Zhu,Fan Yang

Just Accepted Date: 16 March 2021 Online First Date: 06 May 2021 Issue Date: 24 February 2022

Cite this article:

Xiangyu Liu,Yanling Pan,Peng Zhang, et al. Alkylation of benzene with carbon dioxide to low-carbon aromatic hydrocarbons over bifunctional Zn-Ti/HZSM-5 catalyst[J]. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(3): 384-396.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/10.1007/s11705-021-2045-y
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/Y2022/V16/I3/384

Fig.1 XRD patterns of metal oxides with the different zinc contents.

Fig.2 XPS spectrums of (a) Ti 2p; (b) Zn 2p; (c) O 1s orbitals.

Fig.3 EPR spectrums of several metal oxides with the different zinc contents.

Tab.1 Nitrogen adsorption and desorption results and Zn/Ti ratios of different samples

Fig.4 SEM patterns of several catalysts: (a) HZSM-5(30), (b) TiO₂-HZ5(30), (c) Zn_0.01Ti-HZ5(30), (d) Zn_0.1Ti-HZ5(30), and (e) Zn_1.0Ti-HZ5(30).

Fig.5 Raman spectroscopies of several metal oxides with the different zinc contents used different laser sources: (a) 325 nm and (b) 785 nm.

Fig.6 NH₃-TPD patterns of catalysts with different Zn/Ti and Si/Al ratios.

Tab.2 Distribution and selectivity of liquid alkylation products of catalysts with different Zn/Ti ratios ^a)

Tab.3 Gaseous phase compositions and conversions of CO₂^a)

Fig.7 Relation diagrams of OV and catalytic activity.

Tab.4 Distribution and selectivity of liquid alkylation products of catalysts with different Si/Al ratios ^a)

Tab.5 Gaseous phase compositions and conversions of CO₂^a)

Fig.8 Stability of Zn_0.1Ti-HZ5(13.5) catalyst in ABCH reaction.

Fig.9 In-situ IR spectra of Zn_0.1Ti-HZ5(13.5) catalyst recorded at 598 K under 0.6 MPa: (a1,a2) The mixture of carbon dioxide and hydrogen (10 mL/min, H₂:CO₂= 3:1) was introduced into the in-situ pool (598 K and 0.6 MPa) containing an unreacted catalyst for 30 min. Afterward, the in-situ pool was swept by argon gas for 10 min; (b1,b2) after above experiment, benzene vapor was carried by argon (10 mL/min) into the in-situ pool, measured via IR spectra; (c1,c2) mixture gas of carbon dioxide and hydrogen carried benzene vapors into the in-situ pool under the condition and subsequent steps which were the same as experiments (a1,a2) and (b1,b2).

Fig.10 Reaction mechanism for the ABCH on the Zn/Ti-HZSM-5 catalyst.

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