Direct pyrolysis to convert biomass to versatile 3D carbon nanotubes/mesoporous carbon architecture: conversion mechanism and electrochemical performance

doi:10.1007/s11705-022-2266-8

Front. Chem. Sci. Eng.

2023, Vol. 17

Issue (6) : 679-690 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-022-2266-8

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Direct pyrolysis to convert biomass to versatile 3D carbon nanotubes/mesoporous carbon architecture: conversion mechanism and electrochemical performance

Chenxi Xu¹, Shunli Li¹, Zhaohui Hou², Liming Yang³, Wenbin Fu⁴, Fujia Wang⁴, Yafei Kuang¹, Haihui Zhou¹(

), Liang Chen²(

)

¹. College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
². Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Advanced Carbon-Based Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
³. Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
⁴. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA

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Abstract

The massive conversion of resourceful biomass to carbon nanomaterials not only opens a new avenue to effective and economical disposal of biomass, but provides a possibility to produce highly valued functionalized carbon-based electrodes for energy storage and conversion systems. In this work, biomass is applied to a facile and scalable one-step pyrolysis method to prepare three-dimensional (3D) carbon nanotubes/mesoporous carbon architecture, which uses transition metal inorganic salts and melamine as initial precursors. The role of each employed component is investigated, and the electrochemical performance of the attained product is explored. Each component and precise regulation of their dosage is proven to be the key to successful conversion of biomass to the desired carbon nanomaterials. Owing to the unique 3D architecture and integration of individual merits of carbon nanotubes and mesoporous carbon, the as-synthesized carbon nanotubes/mesoporous carbon hybrid exhibits versatile application toward lithium-ion batteries and Zn-air batteries. Apparently, a significant guidance on effective conversion of biomass to functionalized carbon nanomaterials can be shown by this work.

Keywords biomass direct pyrolysis 3D CNTs/MC hybrid lithium-ion batteries Zn-air batteries

Corresponding Author(s): Haihui Zhou,Liang Chen

Just Accepted Date: 09 October 2022 Online First Date: 01 March 2023 Issue Date: 17 May 2023

Cite this article:

Chenxi Xu,Shunli Li,Zhaohui Hou, et al. Direct pyrolysis to convert biomass to versatile 3D carbon nanotubes/mesoporous carbon architecture: conversion mechanism and electrochemical performance[J]. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2023, 17(6): 679-690.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/10.1007/s11705-022-2266-8
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/Y2023/V17/I6/679

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of the synthesis of 3D CNTs/MC-Y (10/3/100) hybrid.

Fig.2 (a) SEM, (b) TEM, (c) scanning transmission electron microscopy images and the corresponding element mapping images of (d) C, (e) N, (f) O and (g) Fe of CNTs/MC-Y (10/3/100) hybrid.

Fig.3 (a) XRD patterns and (b) Raman spectra of CNTs, MC and CNTs/MC-Y (10/3/100) hybrid.

Fig.4 (a) XPS survey spectrum, HR (b) C 1s, (c) N 1s and (d) Fe 2p spectra of CNTs/MC-Y (10/3/100) hybrid.

Fig.5 The conversion mechanism of biomass to 3D CNTs/MC hybrid.

Fig.6 (a) CV curves on different electrodes at 0.5 mV·s^–1 for the first cycle; (b) CV curves on the CNTs/MC-Y (10/3/100) electrode at 0.5 mV·s^–1 for the initial five cycles; (c) long-term cycling performance and (d) rate capability of different electrodes; (e) Nyquist plots on different electrodes for the first cycle; (f) Nyquist plots on the CNTs/MC-Y (10/3/100) electrode for various cycles.

Fig.7 (a) CV curves on different electrodes in oxygen saturated 0.1 mol·L^–1 KOH electrolyte; (b) LSV curves on different electrodes at the rotation rate of 1600 r·min^–1; (c) LSV curves on CNTs/MC-Y (10/3/100) electrode at various rotation speeds in 0.1 mol·L^–1 KOH electrolyte; (d) K–L plots on CNTs/MC-Y (10/3/100) electrode at various potentials in 0.1 mol·L^–1 KOH electrolyte; (e) K–L plots on different electrodes at 0.17 V; (f) comparison of E_1/2 values on different electrodes.

Fig.8 (a) Open-circuit plots, (b) discharge curves at 5 mA·cm^–2, (c) discharge curves at various current densities and (d) discharge polarization and power density curves of Zn-air batteries driven by CNTs/MC-Y (10/3/100) and Pt/C catalysts.

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