A DEM upscaling method with integrating valley lines based on HASM
Mingwei ZHAO1,5,6,7, Xiaoxiao JU2, Na ZHAO3,4(), Chun WANG1,5,6,7, Yan XU1,5,6,7, Xiaoran WU3,4, Weitao LI1,5,6,7
. Geographic Information and Tourism College, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou 239000, China . College of Resource, Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China . State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China . College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China . Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Geo-information Smart Sensing and Services, Chuzhou 239000, China . Anhui Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Integration and Application, Chuzhou 239000, China . School of Geographic Information and Tourism, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou 239000, China
A new digital elevation model (DEM) upscaling method based on high accuracy surface modeling (HASM) is proposed by combining the elevation information of DEM and the valley lines extracted from DEM with different flow accumulation thresholds. The proposed method has several advantages over traditional DEM upscaling methods. First, the HASM ensures the smoothness of the upscaled DEM. Secondly, several DEMs with different topographic details can be obtained using the same DEM grid size by incorporating the valley lines with different flow accumulation thresholds. The Jiuyuangou watershed in China’s Loess Plateau was used as a case study. A DEM with a grid size of 5 m obtained from the local surveying and mapping department was used to verify the proposed DEM upscaling method. We established the surface complexity index to describe the complexity of the topographic surface and quantified the differences in the topographic features obtained from different upscaling results. The results show that topography becomes more generalized as grid size and flow accumulation threshold increase. At a large DEM grid size, an increase in the flow accumulation threshold increases the difference in elevation values in different grids, increasing the surface complexity index. This study provides a new DEM upscaling method suitable for quantifying topography.
Online First Date: 03 July 2024Issue Date: 29 September 2024
Cite this article:
Mingwei ZHAO,Xiaoxiao JU,Na ZHAO, et al. A DEM upscaling method with integrating valley lines based on HASM[J]. Front. Earth Sci.,
2024, 18(3): 509-525.
Fig.1 Locations of the grid centers in the original DEM (black solid triangle) and the grid centers of the upscaled DEM (black solid circle).
Fig.2 The series number of central grid and its adjacent grid.
Fig.3 Topography of the study area.
Fig.4 The upscaling results for a 30 m grid size. (a) Flow accumulation threshold of 500; (b) flow accumulation threshold of 5000; (c) flow accumulation threshold of 15000.
Fig.5 The upscaling results for a 90 m grid size. (a) Flow accumulation threshold of 500; (b) flow accumulation threshold of 5000; (c) flow accumulation threshold of 15000.
Fig.6 SRTM-dem of the test area. (a) Grid size is 30 m; (b) grid size is 90 m.
Upscaled g DEMGrid size:90 mFlow accumulation threshold: 15000
843.40
1173.14
1012.87
56.28
9.44
Tab.1 Elevation Statistics for Different DEMs
Fig.7 The histograms of different DEMs. (a) Original DEM; (b) flow accumulation threshold of 500 (grid size: 30 m); (c) flow accumulation threshold of 5000 (grid size: 30 m); (d) flow accumulation threshold of 15000 (grid size: 30 m); (e) flow accumulation threshold of 500 (grid size: 90 m); (f) flow accumulation threshold of 5000 (grid size: 90 m); (g) flow accumulation threshold of 15000 (grid size: 90 m).
Fig.8 Contour lines extracted from the upscaled DEM (grid size: 30 m). (a) DEM hillshade; (b) flow accumulation threshold of 500; (c) flow accumulation threshold of 5000; (d) flow accumulation threshold of 15000.
Fig.9 Contour lines extracted from the upscaled DEM (grid size: 90 m). (a) DEM hillshade; (b) flow accumulation threshold of 500; (c) flow accumulation threshold of 5000; (d) flow accumulation threshold of 15000.
Fig.10 SC index of the original DEM.
Fig.11 SC index of the upscaled DEM (grid size: 90 m). (a) Flow accumulation threshold of 500; (b) flow accumulation threshold of 5000; (c) flow accumulation threshold of 15000.
Fig.12 SC index of the upscaled DEM (grid size: 30 m). (a) Flow accumulation threshold of 500; (b) flow accumulation threshold of 5000; (c) flow accumulation threshold of 15000.
Tab.2 Descriptive statistics of the SC Index for Different DEMs (m)
Fig.13 The histograms of SC index from different DEMs. (a) original DEM; (b) flow accumulation threshold of 500 (grid size: 30 m); (c) flow accumulation threshold of 5000 (grid size: 30 m); (d) flow accumulation threshold of 15000 (grid size: 30 m); (e) flow accumulation threshold of 500 (grid size: 90 m); (f) flow accumulation threshold of 5000 (grid size: 90 m); (g) flow accumulation threshold of 15000 (grid size: 90 m).
Fig.14 Mean (left) and RMSE (right) of SC index for different flow accumulation thresholds (grid size: 30 m).
Fig.15 Mean (left) and RMSE (right) of SC index for different flow accumulation thresholds (grid size: 90 m).
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