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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

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Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2021, Vol. 15 Issue (2) : 22    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-020-1314-1
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Sewage sludge ditch for recovering heavy metals can improve crop yield and soil environmental quality
Xianke Lin1,2, Xiaohong Chen1, Sichang Li1, Yangmei Chen1, Zebin Wei1, Qitang Wu1()
1. Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Waste Reuse in Agriculture of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
2. Key Laboratory of the Pearl River Estuarine Dynamics and Associated Process Regulation, Ministry of Water Resources, Pearl River Hydraulic Research Institute, Pearl River Water Resource Commission, Guangzhou 510611, China
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Abstract

• Indirect use of sludge in ditches alongside plants was tested in field experiments.

• The dried and stabilized sludge in ditches was recovered with heavy metals.

• Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn in the planted soil were all in a safe range.

• The indirect use of sludge increased plant yield, soil N content and C storage.

The treatment and disposal of municipal sewage sludge (MSS) is an urgent problem to be resolved in many countries. Safely using the nutrients within MSS to increase crop yield and enhance the fertility of poor soil could contribute to achieving sustainable development. An indirect use of MSS in ditches alongside Pennisetum hybridum plants was studied in field plots for 30 months and the contents of heavy metals and macronutrients were monitored in soil, sludge and plant samples. We found that the yield of P. hybridum was significantly increased by 2.39 to 2.80 times and the treated plants had higher N content compared with no sludge. In addition, the organic matter (OM) and N contents in the planted soil increased significantly compared with the initial soil. The OM content in the planted soil of the MSS treatment was 2.9 to 5.2 times higher than that with no sludge, and N increased by 2.0 to 3.8 times. However, MSS had no significant effect on the N, P and K contents in the soil at the bottom of the MSS ditch, and the content of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn) were also within the safe range. Moreover, the moisture content and phytotoxicity of MSS after this indirect use were reduced and the heavy metal contents changed little, which is favorable to the further disposal of recovered MSS. Therefore, this indirect use of MSS is beneficial to agricultural production, soil quality and environmental sustainability.
Keywords Municipal sewage sludge      Indirect use      Heavy metals      Macronutrients      Pennisetum hybridum     
Corresponding Author(s): Qitang Wu   
Issue Date: 26 August 2020
 Cite this article:   
Xianke Lin,Xiaohong Chen,Sichang Li, et al. Sewage sludge ditch for recovering heavy metals can improve crop yield and soil environmental quality[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2021, 15(2): 22.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-020-1314-1
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2021/V15/I2/22
First MSS Second MSS Third MSS Fourth MSS Fifth MSS Soil
pH 5.21±0.21a 5.49±0.11 5.60±0.01 5.20±0.10 4.89±0.09 5.92±0.16
Cd (mg/kg) 2.75±0.15 2.6±0.19 2.35±0.72 2.41±0.13 1.15±0.01 0.09±0.02
Pb (mg/kg) 95.79±2.04 81.17±1.52 65.42±8.44 95.08±5.4 69.9±2.77 48.19±4.14
Cu (mg/kg) 175.1±6.1 169.3±4.2 122.0±1.4 157.0±10.4 131.9±3.2 30.1±6.7
Zn (mg/kg) 808.4±23.2 747.6±15.4 376.4±35.8 627.8±106.7 304.5±42.5 29.1±2.5
OM (g/kg) 208.7±9.7 210.1±9.7 229.3±14.7 205.5±16.1 225.7±4.4 2.4±0.2
N (g/kg) 18.65±0.56 11.74±0.57 17.98±1.06 13.14±1.01 19.52±0.65 0.68±0.04
P (g/kg) 11.06±0.09 11.35±0.02 9.52±0.01 11.93±0.68 7.92±0.2 0.81±0.05
K (g/kg) 19.13±0.70 14.08±1.24 12.73±1.41 11.31±3.21 10.01±3.86 7.34±0.5
Tab.1  Main properties of the soil and the five municipal sewage sludges (MSSs) used in the five consecutive experiments
Fig.1  Municipal sewage sludge (MSS) ditch and P. hybridum planting arrangement. (a) Surface layout of 4 treatments (MSS ditch without planting, P. hybridum without MSS ditch, P. hybridum + MSS ditch, P. hybridum + MSS ditch covered by plastic film); (b) Profile schematic diagram.
Fig.2  Cumulative yields of P. hybridum dry biomass for three sludge treatments (CK: no sewage sludge control; SS: sewage sludge ditch treatment; SSC: sewage sludge ditch covered by plastic film. Different letters indicate that the difference in total biomass was significant between the treatments according to LSD test).
Months Cd (mg/kg) Pb(mg/kg) b MAI
a CK SS SSC CK SS SSC CK SS SSC
2 0.066±0.022a 0.069±0.021a 0.131±0.035b 0.90±0.16b 0.68±0.03a 0.66±0.08a 4.27 12.24 6.17
4 0.160±0.058a 0.083±0.030a 0.138±0.007a 0.71±0.14a 0.54±0.03a 0.59±0.15a 3.89 11.78 11.73
6 0.176±0.059a 0.105±0.026a 0.240±0.115a 1.20±0.24a 1.27±0.22a 1.24±0.14a 4.02 5.80 5.32
8 0.169±0.036a 0.165±0.016a 0.202±0.015a 2.90±0.58b 2.73±0.36b 2.07±1.22a 4.87 9.07 7.46
10 0.125±0.024a 0.169±0.045a 0.176±0.069a 1.11±0.31a 1.09±0.21a 0.97±0.08a 4.44 4.55 7.69
12 0.067±0.009a 0.150±0.071a 0.109±0.028a 1.04±0.46a 0.63±0.18a 0.70±0.05a 4.92 2.83 8.90
15 0.078±0.013a 0.079±0.016a 0.091±0.002a 1.03±0.17a 0.94±0.15a 0.80±0.07a 6.16 5.73 32.87
17 0.085±0.024a 0.072±0.009a 0.090±0.022a 0.94±0.14a 0.73±0.07a 0.87±0.19a 5.02 8.86 4.32
21 0.220±0.072a 0.167±0.029a 0.153±0.023a 0.78±0.04a 1.10±0.50a 0.80±0.06a 12.26 4.01 9.67
23 0.086±0.009a 0.210±0.079b 0.145±0.039ab 0.43±0.06a 0.30±0.06a 0.38±0.12a 7.97 3.73 3.40
24 0.152±0.019a 0.241±0.072a 0.172±0.064a 0.20±0.07a 0.42±0.13b 0.18±0.06a 5.38 3.32 2.74
26 0.033±0.021a 0.124±0.007b 0.060±0.012a 0.51±0.12a 0.8±0.29a 0.67±0.09a 2.86 10.34 6.23
28 0.090±0.015b 0.063±0.021ab 0.053±0.008a 0.70±0.23a 0.48±0.08a 0.70±0.17a 4.59 4.50 5.25
30 0.113±0.033a 0.148±0.042a 0.137±0.030a 0.72±0.06a 0.62±0.07a 0.62±0.07a 7.71 6.27 6.75
cFeed standard ≤1.0 ≤30 – – –
Tab.2  The contents of Cd and Pb in aerial parts of P. hybridum and the Metal Accumulation Index (MAI)
Months N (g/kg) P(g/kg) K(g/kg)
aCK SS SSC CK SS SSC CK SS SSC
8 b24.79±2.50a 27.06±1.47a 26.33±1.35a 2.92±0.43a 3.71±0.76a 4.51±1.21a 48.06±3.22b 40.15±2.40a 43.73±4.78ab
10 21.36±3.10a 21.69±1.48a 20.59±1.64a 2.90±0.30a 3.12±0.35a 3.30±0.73a 33.27±1.62a 36.13±2.02a 32.50±4.05a
12 10.73±3.72a 17.12±1.42b 18.58±0.31b 1.17±0.29a 2.93±0.95b 2.43±0.42b 15.82±2.74a 22.44±1.46b 19.44±2.02ab
15 20.28±0.51a 48.61±0.08c 44.95±2.28b 1.80±0.89a 3.24±1.15a 3.22±1.33a 19.6±5.90a 25.93±6.1ab 33.25±2.67b
17 33.43±4.93a 39.84±3.06a 38.97±2.08a 1.95±0.22a 2.36±0.89a 2.28±0.42a 29.00±5.62a 28.07±2.93a 26.77±2.43a
21 16.06±0.01a 24.48±0.95b 22.91±1.45b 1.87±0.56a 6.08±0.83b 3.03±1.62ab 28.16±7.91a 39.82±2.70b 30.37±4.34ab
23 19.91±2.17a 21.81±1.36ab 23.26±0.05b 3.11±1.34a 3.69±0.47a 3.02±0.92a 21.70±5.32a 26.85±1.51a 25.42±7.68a
24 12.79±1.69a 19.24±4.30b 20.74±1.80b 2.32±0.24a 4.71±0.98b 3.70±0.92ab 25.40±3.65a 26.10±4.34a 27.43±4.82a
26 7.02±0.77a 24.13±4.21b 25.05±2.10b 1.24±0.36a 3.09±1.03a 3.01±1.28a 8.90±1.88a 19.44±6.38a 19.37±8.09a
28 19.04±2.89a 20.26±2.40a 23.57±3.98a 1.81±0.53a 1.55±0.20a 1.54±0.16a 19.88±9.00a 14.81±1.91a 16.50±5.05a
30 20.36±5.01a 35.09±4.95b 25.89±4.53ab 2.17±0.59a 2.60±0.65a 2.64±0.46a 28.50±8.53a 22.92±2.53a 24.11±7.58a
Tab.3  Contents of N, P and K in the aerial parts of P. hybridum during the experiment
Initial After planting aSoil nutrient classification
bCK SS SSC abundant high medium Low lack very lack
OM c2.39±0.17 7.16±3.31a 27.97±10.57b 44.6±13.92b >40 30–40 20–30 10–20 6–10 <6
N 0.68±0.04 0.48±0.07a 1.46±0.43b 2.31±0.21c >2 1.5–2.0 1.0–1.5 0.75–1 0.5–0.75 <0.5
P 0.81±0.05 0.30±0.05a 0.53±0.21a 0.55±0.17a >1 0.8–1 0.6–0.8 0.4–0.6 0.2–0.4 <0.2
K 7.34±0.50 7.15±0.93b 6.23±0.61ab 5.55±0.83a >25 20–25 15–20 10–15 5–10 <5
Tab.4  Nutrients in the planted soil after 30 months of planting (g/kg)
Contents Cd Pb Cu Zn pH
Initial d0.09±0.02a 48.19±4.14a 30.08±6.67ab 29.12±2.48a 5.92±0.16a
aCK 0.11±0.07a 50.15±9.35a 24.74±3.54a 33.84±6.96a 5.86±0.10a
SS 0.12±0.04a 42.91±6.13a 27.11±1.95ab 47.19±9.88b 5.90±0.20a
SSC 0.19±0.07a 51.03±6.75a 36.98±7.07b 75.16±6.63c 5.99±0.17a
bSoil standard 0.3 90 50 200
cBCF
CK 1.01 0.014 0.32 1.89
SS 1.27 0.014 0.31 1.90
SSC 0.71 0.012 0.30 1.04
Tab.5  Heavy metal contents (mg/kg) and pH in the planted soils and bioconcentration factors (BCF) of P. hybridum plants after 30 months of experiments
Treatment pH Cd (mg/kg) Pb (mg/kg) Cu (mg/kg) Zn (mg/kg) OM (g/kg) N (g/kg) P (g/kg) K (g/kg)
Initial c5.92±0.16a 0.09±0.02a 48.19±4.14a 30.08±6.67a 29.12±2.48a 2.39±0.17a 0.68±0.04a 0.81±0.05a 7.34±0.5a
aSS 5.73±0.53a 0.14±0.02a 56.32±9.31ab 30.88±5.98a 75.13±11.10b 8.95±1.94b 0.75±0.13a 0.87±0.24a 8.15±3.64a
aSSC 5.59±0.91a 0.10±0.05a 61.63±3.13b 31.35±3.25a 61.29±13.36b 8.05±1.27b 0.66±0.12a 0.79±0.17a 7.44±1.4a
bSoil standard – 0.3 90 50 200 – – – –
Tab.6  Contents of heavy metals and nutrients in the soil at the bottom of the sewage sludge ditches after 30 months of experiments
Month Treatment Moisture content aGI pH Cd (mg/kg) Pb (mg/kg) Cu (mg/kg) Zn (mg/kg) OM (g/kg) aTotal nutrients (g/kg)
Jun. Initial e82.71±1.25 0.12±0.14 4.85±0.05 1.146±0.011 69.90±2.77 131.9±3.2 304.5±42.5 225.7±4.4 49.68±4.48
Aug. bCK1 75.42±1.46a 0.53±0.21a 5.18±0.14a 1.163±0.106a 73.71±3.48a 137.6±6.8a 260.6±13.6a 229.6±10.8a 48.88±0.72a
SS 74.61±3.27a 0.53±0.12a 4.60±0.26b 1.181±0.205a 77.03±2.86a 141.7±4.4a 264.0±15.6a 202.6±6.2b 49.33±2.52a
SSC 64.5±4.86b 0.56±0.02a 5.12±0.28a 1.061±0.089a 72.46±5.75a 135.2±12.0a 260.4±18.3a 198.6±13.3b 45.95±4.11a
Oct. CK1 73.63±5.67a 0.54±0.23a 4.16±0.27a 1.060±0.084a 72.55±2.37a 136.6±7.7a 262.2±45.5a 210.1±10.4a 44.67±5.16
SS 68.02±6.02a 0.48±0.10a 4.36±0.08ab 1.081±0.061a 77.31±4.32a 144.0±5.5a 275.7±16.4a 215.4±13.5a 50.00±1.82a
SSC 69.98±6.86a 0.75±0.18a 4.61±0.131b 1.089±0.023a 75.4±0.35a 142.3±2.0a 274.8±25.4a 211.0±6.2a 48.31±1.28a
Dec. CK1 56.42±9.40a 1.03±0.02a 4.99±0.48a 1.161±0.023a 77.67±0.84a 155.1±1.0a 273.5±11.7a 218.7±7.2a 48.75±1.14a
SS 49.36±4.92a 0.87±0.14b 5.08±0.11a 1.279±0.013a 75.81±1.45a 152.6±2.0a 271.4±10.8a 212.2±6.0a 44.91±1.31a
SSC 51.75±5.75a 1.16±0.15a 5.60±0.27a 1.194±0.029a 74.11±1.81a 153.5±2.7a 283.9±7.2a 217.6±3.8a 46.6±1.73a
Standard1 c <60 – 5.5–8.5 <3 <300 <500 <1200 >200 –
Standard2 d <30 – 5.5–8.5 <3 <50 – – >450 >50
Tab.7  Properties of sewage sludge in different months during planting
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