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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

ISSN 2095-2201

ISSN 2095-221X(Online)

CN 10-1013/X

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Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2016, Vol. 10 Issue (1) : 93-102    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-014-0704-7
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Effect of lime on speciation of heavy metals during composting of water hyacinth
Jiwan SINGH(),Ajay S. KALAMDHAD
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati-781039 Assam, India
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Abstract

Composting is attractive and inexpensive method for treatment and biomass disposal of water hyacinth. However, the major disadvantage of water hyacinth composting is the high content of heavy metals in the final compost. Addition of lime sludge significantly reduced most bioavailable fractions (exchangeable and carbonate) of heavy metals. Studies were carried on composting of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) with cattle manure and sawdust (6:3:1 ratio) and effects of addition of lime (1%, 2% and 3%) on heavy metal speciation were evaluated during 30 days of composting period. The Tessier sequential extraction method was employed to investigate the changes in speciation of heavy metals such as Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Cadmium (Cd) and Chromium (Cr) during water hyacinth composting. Effects of physicochemical parameters such as temperature, pH and organic matter on speciation of heavy metals were also studied during the process. Results showed that, the total metal content was increased during the composting process. The higher reduction in bioavailability factor (BF) of Cu, Fe, Ni, Cd and Cr was observed in lime 2 treatment about 62.1%, 64.4%, 71.9%, 62.1% and 58.9% respectively; however higher reduction in BF of Zn and Pb was observed in lime 1 treatment during the composting process. Reducible and oxidizable fractions of Ni, Pb and Cd were not observed during the process. Addition of lime was very effective for reduction of bioavailability of heavy metals during composting of water hyacinth with cattle manure and sawdust.
Keywords composting      lime      heavy metals      bioavailability factor      speciation     
Corresponding Author(s): Jiwan SINGH   
Online First Date: 30 April 2014    Issue Date: 03 December 2015
 Cite this article:   
Jiwan SINGH,Ajay S. KALAMDHAD. Effect of lime on speciation of heavy metals during composting of water hyacinth[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2016, 10(1): 93-102.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-014-0704-7
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2016/V10/I1/93
Fig.1  Variation of temperature, moisture content, pH, and total organic carbon during composting process
Fig.2  Variation of total heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Ni, Pb, Cd and Cr) concentration during the composting process
Days Zn (mg·kg−1 dry matter) Cu (mg·kg−1 dry matter)
F1 F2 F3 F 4 F5 F1 F2 F3 F 4 F5
0 5.19±0.013 6.41±0.41 26.30±0.7 31.0±0.47 44.0±0.68 4.68±0.03 1.88±0.03 0.90±0.10 20.65±4.5 21.65±5.7
30 3.88±0.025 4.50±3.4 40.30±3.4 23.33±0.58 136.45±2.25 2.60±0.10 1.40±0.10 0.80±0.20 15.38±0.02 66.85±15.9
Days Mn (mg·kg−1 dry matter) Fe (mg·kg−1 dry matter)
F1 F2 F3 F 4 F5 F1 F2 F3 F 4 F5
0 36.1±0.68 106.3±0.7 86.9±2.4 78.7±0.39 50.5±4.05 27.7±0.7 21.7±0.7 2789.5±3.5 6260.9±141 1671.0±139
30 30.0±0.38 93.4±0.03 244.2±0.9 45.4±0.30 194.1±4.6 16.3±0.7 9.6±0.4 2123.0±3.0 3725.0±20 8785.0±475
Days Ni (mg·kg−1dry matter) Pb (mg·kg−1 dry matter)
F1 F2 F3 F 4 F5 F1 F2 F3 F 4 F5
0 2.98±0.03 3.25±0.05 ND ND 166.9±6.4 22.9±2.9 9.9±0.4 ND ND 708±2
30 1.43±0.03 2.18±0.08 ND ND 228.9±50.4 11.2±0.7 6.7±0.3 ND ND 1016±21
Days Cd (mg·kg−1dry matter) Cr (mg·kg−1 dry matter)
F1 F2 F3 F 4 F5 F1 F2 F3 F 4 F5
0 0.73±0.03 0.84±0.01 ND ND 45.9±0.4 5.45±0.15 1.33±0.03 1.55±0.05 15.85±0.45 115.8±0.25
30 0.46±0.01 0.58±0.02 ND ND 64.9±4.4 3.65±0.15 1.05±0.05 1.45±0.2 8.85±0.45 160.5±5.95
Tab.1  Speciation of heavy metals in lime 1 treatment during 30 days of composting period
heavy metals(mg·kg−1 dry matter) days lime 2 lime 3
F1 F2 F3 F 4 F5 F1 F2 F3 F 4 F5
Zn 0 7.61±0.49 7.56±1.06 42.07±0.47 24.66±0.64 40.28±0.28 4.46±1.05 3.83±0.48 36.26±0.66 19.28±0.04 59.1±0.04
30 3.02±0.02 4.11±0.51 54.55±0.75 21.62±0.22 109.0±3.0 2.73±0.06 2.48±0.03 42.39±0.02 16.33±0.53 105.4±0.53
Cu 0 6.26±0.05 3.65±0.05 0.65±0.05 15.69±0.5 23.0±0.07 2.82±0.07 2.17±0.07 0.65±0.15 13.48±0.02 24.65±0.7
30 1.99±0.01 1.14±0.07 0.88±0.20 12.41±0.8 64.8±0.04 2.02±0.04 1.67±0.04 1.25±0.05 13.97±0.08 84.57±2.1
Mn 0 13.0±0.2 126.2±0.9 194.2±2.1 58.7±0.6 36.5±5.5 9.4±0.2 92.0±0.5 280.1±6.0 49.2±1.1 56.8±3.8
30 33.2±0.8 97.7±0.7 285.1±2.9 43.1±0.4 189.0±6 22.1±0.27 72.0±3.0 251.7±1.7 33.9±0.8 202.0±48
Fe 0 27.4±0.3 26.9±1.3 2788±20 4477±21 1655±445 21.9±3.3 21.6±0.5 2061.0±2 3569.5±5.5 6791±259
30 13.1±0.5 11.9±0.7 1929±4.5 3741±3.8 13925±625 14.1±0.4 11.1±0.5 1819.5±23 2426.4±1.4 18101±101
Ni 0 2.58±0.03 3.25±0.7 ND ND 210.8±50.8 4.09±0.04 3.48±0.22 ND ND 193±1.3
30 1.15±0.2 1.20±0.06 ND ND 337.8±12.3 3.36±0.05 2.40±0.05 ND ND 300±21.5
Pb 0 24.9±0.4 10.8±1.4 ND ND 803±3 20.6±1.1 12.7±0.4 ND ND 737.5±7.5
30 16.0±0.6 7.5±0.03 ND ND 1153±8 12.9±0.2 8.9±0.2 ND ND 1004.5±10.5
Cd 0 0.94±0.02 1.25±0.25 ND ND 40.85±0.7 0.93±0.03 0.98±0.03 ND ND 44.9±4.6
30 0.48±0.03 0.79±0.07 ND ND 64.8±0.8 0.48±0.03 0.76±0.06 ND ND 66.2±2.4
Cr 0 3.75±0.05 2.29±0.47 1.75±0.05 11.0±2.0 97.9±0.4 4.08±0.13 1.53±0.03 1.50±0.1 7.40±0.05 127.8±0.3
30 1.80±0.05 1.18±0.03 1.15±0.05 7.0±0.20 157.5±26.5 3.15±0.05 1.57±0.04 1.15±0.05 6.07±0.03 164.3±18.3
Tab.2  Speciation of heavy metals in lime 2 and 3 treatments during 30 days of composting period
Fig.3  Speciation of heavy metals in control during the composting process
Fig.4  Changes in bioavailability factor (BF) of heavy metals in control and lime treated composting process
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