Microbial responses to the use of NaClO in sediment treatment

doi:10.1007/s11783-021-1451-1

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2022, Vol. 16

Issue (2) : 17 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-021-1451-1

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Microbial responses to the use of NaClO in sediment treatment

Kun Li^1,³, Tingming Ye^1,³, Wang Zhang⁴, Jianfeng Peng², Yaohui Bai^1,³, Weixiao Qi²(

), Huijuan Liu²

¹. Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
². Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
³. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
⁴. China University of Mining & Technology, Beijing 100083, China

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Abstract

• Chlorine addition enhanced the release of TOC, TN from the sediment.

• Chlorine has a long-term negative effect on microbial richness.

• Usually enzymes lose activity, and expression of genes was downregulated.

• Carbon degradation and nitrification might be strongly inhibited.

Chlorine is often used in algal removal and deodorization of landscape waters, and occasionally used as an emergency treatment of heavily polluted sediments. However, the ecological impact of this practice has not been fully studied and recognized. In this study, NaClO at 0.1 mmol/g based on dry weight sediment was evenly mixed into the polluted sediment, and then the sediment was incubated for 150 days to evaluate its microbial effect. Results showed that NaClO addition enhanced the release of TOC, TN, Cr and Cu from the sediment. The microbial richness in the examined sediment decreased continuously, and the Chao1 index declined from 4241 to 2731, in 150 days. The microbial community composition was also changed. The abundance of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes increased to 54.8% and 4.2% within 7 days compared to the control, and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) showed gram-negative bacteria and aerobic bacteria enriched after chlorination. The functional prediction with PICRUSt2 showed the functions of the microbial community underwent major adjustments, and the metabolic-related functions such as carbon metabolism, including pyruvate and methane metabolisms were significantly inhibited; besides, 15 out of 22 analyzed key enzymes involved in C cycling and 6 out of 12 key enzymes or genes involved in N cycling were strongly impacted, and the enzymes and genes involved in carbon degradation and denitrification showed remarkable downregulation. It can be concluded that chlorination posed a seriously adverse effect on microbial community structure and function. This study deepens the understanding of the ecological effects of applying chlorine for environmental remediation.

Keywords Sediment chlorination Substance mobility Microbial response Community composition Function

Corresponding Author(s): Weixiao Qi

Issue Date: 18 May 2021

Cite this article:

Kun Li,Tingming Ye,Wang Zhang, et al. Microbial responses to the use of NaClO in sediment treatment[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(2): 17.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-021-1451-1
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2022/V16/I2/17

Tab.1 Properties of the sediment and porewater (mean?±?SD)

Tab.2 The speciations of heavy metals in sediment

Fig.1 The experiment setup and research contents.

Fig.2 The concentrations of TOC and TN in the porewater and the leaching contents of several heavy metals in the sediments of two chambers on day 150.

Fig.3 Change of the microbial community in the sediments. (a) microbial diversity; (b) principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of microbial community composition; (c) microbial taxonomy at the phylum level; (d) linear discriminant analysis (LDA) of the bacteria of two chambers at genus level at all the time points within 150 days, including 20 genera with the relative abundance increased and 20 genera with the relative abundance decreased. Blue indicates the bacteria with higher relative abundance in the control chamber and orange indicates the bacteria with higher relative abundance in the chamber with NaClO.

Fig.4 The functions with significantly changed abundance, among the top 50 most abundant functions. The gray and black asterisks indicate a significant decrease and increase respectively in the functional abundance after the addition of NaClO. The t-test shows the significance of the difference in functional abundances at all the time points of two chambers, ***P<0.001; **P<0.01; *P<0.05.

Fig.5 The relative abundance of enzymes involved in carbon metabolism and the carbon source metabolic potential of microorganisms. (a) the total relative abundance of enzymes related to C metabolism; (b) the average abundance of the key enzymes at all the time points, and the gray and yellow asterisks indicate significant downregulation and upregulation of the enzyme after NaClO application, respectively. The t-test shows the significance of the difference in enzyme abundances at all the time points of two chambers, ***P<0.001; **P<0.01; *P<0.05; (c) the metabolism rate of microorganisms toward 31 carbon sources in a Biolog ECO microplate.

Fig.6 Changes in the relative abundance of key enzymes or genes involved in N metabolism, including ammonification (purple), nitrification (green), denitrification (yellow), nitrogen fixation (brown), assimilatory nitrate reduction (blue), and anammox (gray). The gray and yellow asterisks indicate significant downregulation and upregulation of the enzyme or genes after NaClO application, respectively. The t-test shows the significance of the difference in enzyme abundances at all the time points of two chambers, ***P<0.001; **P<0.01; *P<0.05.

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