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Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2022, Vol. 16 Issue (7) : 84    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-021-1487-1
REVIEW ARTICLE
The main anammox-based processes, the involved microbes and the novel process concept from the application perspective
Yan Guo1,2, Zibin Luo2, Junhao Shen3, Yu-You Li2,3()
1. Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
2. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
3. Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
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Abstract

• The PNA, denitratation/anammox, and DAMO/anammox process are reviewed together.

• Denitratation/anammox-based process is promising in mainstream treatment.

• DAMO and denitratation processes realize the higher nitrogen removal efficiency.

• The utilization of metabolism diversity of functional microbe is worth exploring.

• An effective waste treatment system concept is proposed.

Anammox technology has been widely researched over the past 40-year from the laboratory-scale to full-scale. It is well-known that in actual applications, the solo application of anammox is not feasible. Since both ammonium and nitrite are prerequisites based on the reaction mechanism, the pre-treatment of wastewater is necessary. With the combination of anammox process and other pre-treatment processes to treat the actual wastewater, many types of anammox-based processes have been developed with distinct nitrogen removal performance. Thus, in order to heighten the awareness of researchers to the developments and accelerate the application of these processes to the treatment of actual wastewater, the main anammox-based processes are reviewed in this paper. It includes the partial nitritation/anammox process, the denitratation/anammox (PD/A) process, the denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation/anammox (DAMO/A) process, and more complex deuterogenic processes. These processes have made the breakthroughs in the application of the anammox technology, such as the combination of nitrification and PD/A process can achieve stability and reliability of nitrogen removal in the treatment of mainstream wastewater, the PD/A process and the DAMO/A have brought about further improvements in the total nitrogen removal efficiency of wastewater. The diversity of functional microbe characteristics under the specific condition indicate the wide application potential of anammox-based processes, and further exploration is necessary. A whole waste treatment system concept is proposed through the effective allocation of above mentioned processes, with the maximum recovery of energy and resources, and minimal environmental impact.
Keywords Anammox      Nitritation      Denitratation      Denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation      Mainstream wastewater     
Corresponding Author(s): Yu-You Li   
Issue Date: 29 October 2021
 Cite this article:   
Yan Guo,Zibin Luo,Junhao Shen, et al. The main anammox-based processes, the involved microbes and the novel process concept from the application perspective[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(7): 84.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-021-1487-1
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2022/V16/I7/84
Fig.1  The nitrogen removal pathway of three anammox-based processes.
Process Substrate Reaction Microbe Environment Theoretical NRE Products
PN/A O2
NH4+-N		 Nitritation
Anammox		 AOB
Anammox bacteria		 Aerobic
Anaerobic		 ≈90% N2
NO3?-N
DN/A BOD
NO3?-N
NH4+-N		 Denitratation
Anammox		 DB
Anammox bacteria		 Anaerobic ≈100% N2
CO2
DAMO/A CH4
NO3?-N
NH4+-N		 DAMO
Anammox		 DAMO-archaea
Anammox bacteria		 Anaerobic ≈100% N2
CO2
Tab.1  Characteristics of the main anammox-based processes
Fig.2  The actual configuration of the PN/A process.
Reactor Configuration Scale Temp (°C)) pH Wastewater NH4+-N (mg/L) HRT (h) NRR (kg/m3/d) NRE (%) Reference
ALR One-stage Laboratory 25 7.6?±?0.3 Mainstream 50 2 0.72 71.8 Chen et al., 2019
ALR One-stage Laboratory 25 7.8?8.2 Mainstream 63 1 1.28 78.7 Guo et al., 2021
42 1 0.66 63.2
ALR One-stage Laboratory 30 ? Sidestream 448.8 2 3.9 73 Wang et al., 2017
ALR One-stage Laboratory 30 7.7 Sidestream 304 1.5 ?3.9 ?80 Qian et al., 2018
ALR Two-stage Pilot 30 ? Sidestream 1150 48 0.6 72 Wang et al., 2017
MBR+ UASB Two-stage Laboratory 24?32 7.5?8.5 Sidestream 900?1500 ? 0.77?2.16 ?80 Li et al., 2017
Tab.2  The highest NRRs reported in PN/A process research under different condition
Fig.3  The actual configuration of the PD/A-based process.
Process Oxygen consumption Carbon source consumption Sludge production Operability
TND 100% 100% 100% Very strong
PN/A 42.3% 0 20.82% Weak
CN-PN/A 57% 22.8% 39.31% Strong
Tab.3  The three processes for mainstream wastewater treatment
Process Configuration Scale Temp (°C) pH Wastewater TN (mg/L) HRT (h) NRR (kg/m3/d) NRE (%) Reference
DAMO/A MGSR Laboratory 35±1 7.8?8.0 Sidestream 1000 1.44 16.53 99.2 Fan et al., 2019
DAMO/A Granule Laboratory 30±0.5 7.0±0.2 Sidestream 1050 24 1.0 94.8 Liu et al., 2021
DAMO/A MAMBR Laboratory 35?±?1.0 7.0?7.5 Sidestream 5000 48 2.5 ?99.9 Nie et al., 2019
DAMO/A MBfR Laboratory ? 7.0–8.0 Sidestream 1030 24 1.0 ?99.9 Xie et al., 2017
DAMO/A MBfR Laboratory ? 7.0?±?0.5 Mainstream 51.5 4 0.28 93.3 Xie et al., 2018
DAMO/A MBfR Laboratory 10 7.0?±?0.5 Mainstream 51.5 9 0.13 90?94 Liu et al., 2020
PN-DAMO/A MBfR Laboratory 30?±?1? 7.0?±?0.5 Sidestream 1030 16 1.5 98 Liu et al., 2019
Tab.4  The typical reports about nitrogen removal performance of DAMO/A process
Fig.4  The actual configuration of the DAMO/A-based process.
Genus Species μmax(h−1)
/DB(d)		 Tolerance environment Main characteristics and preferred habitat
Temp. (°C)/pH
Anammoxoglobus propionicus n.d 33/7?7.3 Out-compete other anammox bacteria and heterotrophic denitrifiers for the oxidation of propionate; Dominant in SNAD process.
Brocadia anammoxidans 0.0027/ n.d 20?52/6.7?8.3 The predominant species in low temperature mainstream.
fulgida n.d 10?52/7.2?8.3 Strong autofluorescence; Out-competed other anammox bacteria in the presence of acetate; Capable of organotrophic nitrate reduction; Become worst at salinity; Survives with IC deficit; Tolerates low temperature until 10°C.
sinica 0.33/2.1 25?45/6.5?8.8 Dominated at high NLRs; The capacity to oxidize the VFAs; Good tolerance to salinity, low temperature, phenol and thiocyanate; Superior aggregation ability, better biomass retention as granules and consequently stable performance.
caroliniensis ? 0.005/ n.d 30/6.8?7.6 Enriched in nitrite shunt process.
sapporoensis 0.0082/3.5 20?45 -
brasiliensis n.d n.d Raised significantly at low substrate concentration condition; Found in activated sludge.
Jettenia asiatica n.d n.d Found in granular sludge; Can utilize VFAs as carbon sources; Higher adaptability to propionate stress than acetate; Show tolerate to phenol; Can adapt to low temperature; An alternative lifestyle to chemolithoautotrophy.
caeni 0.18/3.9 20?42.5/6.5?8.5 Found in membrane bioreactor; Dominated at low NLRs.
moscovienalis 0.025/28 20?45/8.0 Extensive intracellular membrane structures.
Kuenenia stuttgartiensis ?0.004/ n.d 25?52/6.5?9.0 The common species in research; Good tolerance to salinity, higher affinity for nitrite, low temperature; Has a protein surface layer as the outermost layer of the cell.
Scalindua sorokinii n.d n.d Found from Black sea; Existed in high ammonium and low nitrite conditions from Black Sea
richardsii n.d n.d Found from Black sea; Existed at high nitrite/nitrate and low ammonium from Black Sea
brodae n.d n.d Found from WWTPs; Existed in soil.
wagneri n.d n.d Found from WWTP; Comparable or even higher tolerances for high NO2 –N.
arabica n.d n.d Found from Arabian Sea.
pacifica n.d n.d Found from Bohai Sea; Versatile life style.
profunda 0.002/n.d 15?45/7?8 Cyanate use for anammox reaction.
sinooilfield n.d n.d Tolerate High-Temperature in petroleum reservoirs.
rubra n.d n.d Uses compatible solutes for osmoadaptation, found in Red Sea.
zhenghei n.d n.d Found from South China Sea.
japonica n.d n.d ?
Anammoximicrobium moscowii n.d n.d Enriched from river in Moscow.
Tab.5  The reported anammox species and their main features
Class Genus Species Salt requirement (%) Max. Amm. affinity (mM) Preferred habitat
Beta Proteobacteria Nitrosomonas Nitrosomonas europaea 2.3 400 Common species in WWTPs; Sewage disposal plants.
Nitrosomonas eutropha 2.3 600 Sewage disposal plants/Eutrophic.
Nitrosomonas halophila 5.3 400 Brackish water.
Nitrosococcus mobilis 2.9 250 Eutrophic /Aquatic.
Nitrosomonas communis 1.5 250 Moderate eutrophic pH neutral soils/Freshwater.
Nitrosomonas nitrosa 1.8 100 Eutrophic freshwater/Marine environment/WWTPs.
Nitrosomonas oligotropha 0.8 50 Oligotrophic freshwater/Natural soils.
Nitrosomonas ureae 1.2 200 Oligotrophic freshwater/Natural soils.
Nitrosomonas marina 4.8 200 Marine.
Nitrosomonas aestuarii 3.6 400 Marine.
Nitrosomonas cryotolerans 3.2 400 Marine; Low temperature as low as 5°C).
Nitrosomonas sp. PY1 n. d n. d Activated sludge.
Nitrosomonas sp. NP1 n. d n. d
Nitrosomonas sp. SN1 n. d n. d
Nitrosomonas mobilis Ms1 n. d n. d WWTP granules.
Nitrosopira Nitrosospira briensis 1.5 200 Natural soils/Freshwater/Marine.
Nitrosovibrio Nitrosovibrio tenuis 0.6 100 Natural soils.
Nitrosolobus Nitrosolobus multiformis 1.2 50 Soils/Sewage disposal plants.
Gamma Proteobacteria Nitrosococcus Nitrosococcus oceani 6.4 1000 Marine.
Nitrosococcus halophilus 10.5 500 Marine/Salt lakes.
Nitrosococcus wardiae D1FHS n. d n. d Eutrophic marine sediment.
Nitrosoglobus Nitrosoglobus terrae n. d n. d Acidic soil.
Tab.6  The reported AOB species and their main features
Carbon source type Categories Species Characteristics
Exogenous carbon source Group A Staphylococcus sp. Only capable of reducing nitrate to nitrite.
Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1 Contains nitrate reductase but not nitrite reductase.
Group B Thauera aminoaromaticaa Showing a progressive onset (PO) of denitrification genes, with no transcription of nirS (encoding nitrite reductase) detected until all nitrate was reduced, resulting in the accumulation of nitrite.
Thauera phenylaceticaa
Thauera sp. DNT-1
Thauera terpenicaa
Endogenous carbon sources DGAOs Dechloromonas Very rapid in assimilation of propionate.
Accumulibacter Could behave as GAO under poly-P-limiting conditions.
Comamonadaceae unclassified Could transform carbon sources into PHAs for denitritation.
Thermomonas Mainly utilize nitrate under acetate conditions.
Dechloromonas Played a key role in carbon glycolysis and acidification of slowly biodegradable organic matter.
Saccharibacteria Enriched in glycerol-driven reactors.
Tab.7  The reported denitratation species and their main features
Microbe Species Characteristics
DAMO bacteria M. oxyfera Rod-shaped; 0.25–0.5 × 0.8–1.1?μm; A slow doubling time of 11.5 d was estimated; Dominated in highly contaminated nitrate and oxygen environment; Harbors three methanol dehydrogenases.
M. sinica Enriched in the nitrite reactor; roughly coccus-shaped (0.7–1.2?μm); Grew in honeycomb-shaped microcolonies;
M. limnetica Dominated the planktonic microbial community in the anoxic depths of the deep stratified Lake;
Constituted up to one third of all metatranscriptomic sequences in situ; The reconstructed genome encoded a complete pathway for methane oxidation, and an incomplete denitrification pathway, including two putative nitric oxide dismutase genes.
M. lanthanidiphyla Enrichment of ‘Ca. M. oxyfera’ with cerium added as trace element and without nitrate; Encode a lanthanide-dependent XoxF-type methanol dehydrogenases.
DAMO archaea Methanoperedens nitroreducens Comply with first order kinetic model with a rate constant of 0.019?±?0.006?h − 1 and a biomass-specific rate constant of 0.04–0.14?L/(h×?g−VSS); Capable of independent AOM through reverse methanogenesis using nitrate as the terminal electron acceptor.
Tab.8  The reported DAMO species and their main features
Fig.5  The proposed future waste treatment system integrating each anammox-based processes.
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