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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

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Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2022, Vol. 16 Issue (7) : 90    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-021-1498-z
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Simultaneous Feammox and anammox process facilitated by activated carbon as an electron shuttle for autotrophic biological nitrogen removal
Yingbin Hu1,2, Ning Li1,2(), Jin Jiang1,2, Yanbin Xu3, Xiaonan Luo1,2, Jie Cao1,2
1. Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
2. Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
3. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Abstract

• The autotrophic nitrogen removal combining Feammox and Anammox was achieved.

• Activated carbon can be used as an electron shuttle to enhance Feammox activity.

• Fe(III) was reduced to Fe(II) and the secondary Fe(II) mineral (FeOOH) was obtained.

• The iron-reducing bacteria and Anammox consortium was enriched simultaneously.

Ferric iron reduction coupled with anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Feammox) is a novel ferric-dependent autotrophic process for biological nitrogen removal (BNR) that has attracted increasing attention due to its low organic carbon requirement. However, extracellular electron transfer limits the nitrogen transformation rate. In this study, activated carbon (AC) was used as an electron shuttle and added into an integrated autotrophic BNR system consisting of Feammox and anammox processes. The nitrogen removal performance, nitrogen transformation pathways and microbial communities were investigated during 194 days of operation. During the stable operational period (days 126–194), the total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency reached 82.9%±6.8% with a nitrogen removal rate of 0.46±0.04 kg-TN/m3/d. The contributions of the Feammox, anammox and heterotrophic denitrification pathways to TN loss accounted for 7.5%, 89.5% and 3.0%, respectively. Batch experiments showed that AC was more effective in accelerating the Feammox rate than the anammox rate. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses showed the presence of ferric iron (Fe(III)) and ferrous iron (Fe(II)) in secondary minerals. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns indicated that secondary iron species were formed on the surface of iron-AC carrier (Fe/AC), and Fe(III) was primarily reduced by ammonium in the Feammox process. The phyla Anaerolineaceae (0.542%) and Candidatus Magasanikbacteria (0.147%) might contribute to the Feammox process, and Candidatus Jettenia (2.10%) and Candidatus Brocadia (1.18%) were the dominative anammox phyla in the bioreactor. Overall, the addition of AC provided an effective way to enhance the autotrophic BNR process by integrating Feammox and anammox.
Keywords Feammox      Anammox      Extracellular electron transfer      Electron shuttle      Activated carbon     
Corresponding Author(s): Ning Li   
Issue Date: 25 November 2021
 Cite this article:   
Yingbin Hu,Ning Li,Jin Jiang, et al. Simultaneous Feammox and anammox process facilitated by activated carbon as an electron shuttle for autotrophic biological nitrogen removal[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(7): 90.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-021-1498-z
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2022/V16/I7/90
Phases Time (d) CODCr (mg/L) NH4+-N (mg/L) NO2–-N (mg/L) NO3–-N (mg/L) TN (mg/L) HRT (h) Temperature (°C)
I 1–35 NAa) 50 50 0 100 9.6 35
II 36–69 50 50–95 50–95 0 100–190 9.6 35
III 70–107 50 110 110 0 220 9.6 35
IV 108–125 NAa) 110 110 0 220 9.6 35
V 126–194 50 110 110 0 220 9.6 35
Tab.1  Influent parameters for the EGSB reactor during the entire operational period
Stages Groups Time (d) Substances CODCr (mg/L) NH4+-N (mg/L) NO2–-N (mg/L) Temperature (°C)
Former I 1–15 Control 50 85 100 35
II 1–15 Wood AC 50 85 100 35
III 1–15 Fe0 50 85 100 35
IV 1–15 Fe2O3 50 85 100 35
V 1–15 Fe/AC 50 85 100 35
Latter I 16–38 Control NAa) 85 100 35
II 16–38 Wood AC NAa) 85 100 35
III 16–38 Fe0 NAa) 85 100 35
IV 16–38 Fe2O3 NAa) 85 100 35
V 16–38 Fe/AC NAa) 85 100 35
Tab.2  Operation parameters for batch experiment
Fig.1  Variations in NH4+-N, NO2–-N, NO3–-N concentrations and TN removal efficiency during the whole experiment.
Fig.2  Variations in polysaccharide (PS) and protein (PN) contents in the S-EPS, LB-EPS, TB-EPS of the sludge in the EGSB reactor taken during different operational phases. The error bars indicate the standard deviation of duplicate measurements.
Fig.3  Occurrence of Feammox for autotrophic BNR: (A) proposed schematic diagram EET of iron-reducing bacteria mediated by AC; (B) potential nitrogen transformation pathways and contributions to TN loss; (C) microphotographs of granular sludge and pictures of Fe/AC carriers in the EGSB bioreactor.
Fig.4  Average effluent CODCr concentrations of the batch experiment at an early stage with organic addition (A) and at a later stage without organic addition (B). Variations in effluent nitrogen concentrations of the batch experiment at the early stage (C) and the latter stage (D). Group I represent the control group, and wood AC, Fe0, Fe2O3, and Fe/AC were added to Group II–V, respectively. The error bars indicate the standard deviation of duplicate measurements.
Fig.5  XPS results for Fe 2p photoelectron binding energies and valence band spectra for Fe/AC sample surfaces: (A) initial Fe/AC, (B) Fe/AC from the EGSB reactor on day 150 and (C) XRD patterns of primitive Fe/AC-1 and Fe/AC-2 in the EGSB reactor on day 150.
Fig.6  Variation in the structure of the taxonomic microbial community in the EGSB reactor at the (A) phylum level and (B) genus level for samples taken on days 1, 40 and 100.
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