A review on sustainable reuse applications of Fenton sludge during wastewater treatment

doi:10.1007/s11783-021-1511-6

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2022, Vol. 16

Issue (6) : 77 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-021-1511-6

REVIEW ARTICLE

A review on sustainable reuse applications of Fenton sludge during wastewater treatment

Lihui Gao¹(

), Yijun Cao^2,³, Lizhang Wang¹, Shulei Li²(

)

¹. School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
². National Engineering Research Center of Coal Preparation and Purification, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
³. School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China

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Abstract

• The sustainable approaches related to Fenton sludge reuse systems are summarized.

• Degradation mechanism of Fenton sludge heterogeneous catalyst is deeply discussed.

• The efficient utilization directions of Fenton sludge are proposed.

The classical Fenton oxidation process (CFOP) is a versatile and effective application that is generally applied for recalcitrant pollutant removal. However, excess iron sludge production largely restricts its widespread application. Fenton sludge is a hazardous solid waste, which is a complex heterogeneous mixture with Fe(OH)₃, organic matter, heavy metals, microorganisms, sediment impurities, and moisture. Although studies have aimed to utilize specific Fenton sludge resources based on their iron-rich characteristics, few reports have fully reviewed the utilization of Fenton sludge. As such, this review details current sustainable Fenton sludge reuse systems that are applied during wastewater treatment. Specifically, coagulant preparation, the reuse of Fenton sludge as an iron source in the Fenton process and as a synthetic heterogeneous catalyst/adsorbent, as well as the application of the Fenton sludge reuse system as a heterogeneous catalyst for resource utilization. This is the first review article to comprehensively summarize the utilization of Fenton sludge. In addition, this review suggests future research ideas to enhance the cost-effectiveness, environmental sustainability, and large-scale feasibility of Fenton sludge applications.

Keywords Fenton sludge Heavy metals Coagulant Iron source Heterogeneous catalyst

Corresponding Author(s): Lihui Gao,Shulei Li

Issue Date: 18 October 2021

Cite this article:

Lihui Gao,Yijun Cao,Lizhang Wang, et al. A review on sustainable reuse applications of Fenton sludge during wastewater treatment[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(6): 77.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-021-1511-6
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2022/V16/I6/77

Fig.1 Reaction mechanism for the Fenton process.

Tab.1 Characteristic of Fenton sludge from different wastewaters

Fig.2 Flowsheets of Fenton sludge utilization to produce flocculants

Type	Characteristics	References
Dye wastewater; iron-containing sludge electrolytically generates Fe²⁺ via the Fenton process	1. Enhanced COD and color removal; 2. Significantly higher conductivity; 3. Organic material accumulation can be observed; 4. Negative zeta potential	Li et al., 2007
Synthetic olive wastewater, Fenton process with iron source from baked Fenton sludge	1. High calcination temperature shows better organic depletion, higher levels of iron leaching; 2. Biological oxygen demand in five days was increased;	Rossi et al., 2013
Three different wastewaters; ferric sludge acts as an iron source during the Fenton-based process	1. Behaved similar to the CFOP during four reuse cycles; 2. High iron-containing sludge produced during Fenton-based treatment; 3. Lowered hazardous ferric waste production and overall treatment cost	Bolobajev et al., 2014
Palm Oil Mill Secondary Effluent; solar Fenton oxidation resulted in reusable iron sludge	1. Enhanced COD and color removal after five cycles due to excess iron. 2. Lowered COD and color removal observed between recycles 1 and 5;	Shahrifun et al., 2015
Phenolic contained wastewater, Fenton-based treatment with iron source from ferric sludge	1. Enhanced formation of highly reactive species; 2. A substantial organic contaminant degradation increase	Bolobajev et al., 2016a
Chlorophenols-contained water, ferric sludge with tannic acid served as iron source in the Fenton-based process	1. Tannic acid reduced ferric acid to Fe²⁺; 2. Higher reactivity and lowered Fe²⁺ addition costs, which resulted in decreased sludge production.	Bolobajev et al., 2016b
Palm oil mill secondary effluent, which underwent solar Fenton oxidation with wet and dried Fenton sludge iron source	1. Recycled wet Fenton sludge treatment demonstrated higher removal of contaminant compared to the recycled dried Fenton sludge treatment; 2. Repeated use of recycle sludge resulted in higher SS and turbidity; 3. high-temperature calcination in the sludge reuse system may result in iron leaching	Shahrifun et al., 2016
Landfill leachate, reused ferric oxyhydroxide sludge-activated hydrogen peroxide	1. Lowered applied Fe²⁺ dosage and solid residue; 2. Optimized addition of Fe²⁺ activator can improve the overall efficacy of reuse cycles;	Kattel et al., 2016
Landfill leachate, a pilot study continuous ferric sludge reuse in Fenton-like process	1. Ferric sludge as a catalyst in Fenton-like oxidation resulted in a lower COD removal efficiency of 32% as compared to CFOP; 2. Consistent Fenton-like process efficiencies were observed throughout the 12 sludge reuse cycles.	Klein et al., 2016
Bisphenol A, CaO₂ oxidation catalyzed by reuse of ferric sludge in the presence of chelating agents	1. Presence of oxalic acid resulted in BPA removal of 95.1%; 2. Lowered ferric sludge production and sludge disposal cost.	Zhou et al., 2017
Crepe rubber wastewater and palm oil mill effluent, Fenton oxidation sludge reuse	1. Complete usage of generated sludge resulted in TOC reduction in sludge systems; 2. Ferrous ions and H₂O₂ enhanced the efficiency of the reused sludge system.	Gamaralalage et al., 2017
Agro-food industrial wastewater; ferrous ions reused as catalysts in Fenton-like reactions	Sludge reuse system exhibited lowered residual sludge production and metal content in the final effluent.	Leifeld et al., 2018

Tab.2 Previous literature on Fenton sludge reuse as iron source systems

Fig.3 Adsorption mechanism of Fenton sludge-based adsorbent for pollutants (Ahmad et al. 2014; Leng et al. 2015; Tan et al. 2016; Pan et al. 2021).

Tab.3 Application of Fenton sludge-based catalysts for H₂O₂ activation

Activation method	PS	PMS
Thermal activation	$S 2 O 8 2 − → 2 SO 4 − ?$ $SO 4 − ? + H 2 O → SO 4 2 − + HO ? + H +$	$HSO 5 − → SO 4 − ? + HO ?$
Base activation	$S 2 O 8 2 − + H 2 O → 2 SO 4 2 − + HO 2 − + H +$ $S 2 O 8 2 − + HO 2 − → SO 4 2 − + SO 4 − ? + O 2 − ? + H +$ $SO 4 − ? + H 2 O → SO 4 2 − + HO ? + H +$	$HSO 5 − + H 2 O → HSO 4 − + H 2 O 2$ $H 2 O 2 + HO − → H 2 O + HO 2 −$ $H 2 O 2 → 2 HO ?$ $HO 2 − + H 2 O 2 → HO ? + H + + O 2 − ?$ $HSO 5 − + HO 2 − → H 2 O + SO 4 − ? + O 1 2$
UV activation	$S 2 O 8 2 − → 2 SO 4 − ?$ $H 2 O → HO ? + H ?$ $S 2 O 8 2 − + H ? → SO 4 − ? + SO 4 2 − + H +$	$HSO 5 − → SO 4 − ? + HO ?$ $H 2 O → HO ? + H ?$ $HSO 5 − + H ? → SO 4 − ? + H 2 O$
Metal activation	$S 2 O 8 2 − + M n → M n + 1 + SO 4 − ? + SO 4 2 −$	$HSO 5 − + M n → M n + 1 + SO 4 − ? + OH −$
Carbon activation	$S 2 O 8 2 − + e − → SO 4 − ? + SO 4 2 −$	$HSO 5 − + e − → SO 4 − ? + OH −$

Tab.4 PS and PMS activation methods

Fig.4 Illustration of PS/PMS activation.

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