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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

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Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2023, Vol. 17 Issue (5) : 61    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-023-1661-9
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Controlled sintering for cadmium stabilization by beneficially using the dredged river sediment
Yunxue Xia1,2, Dong Qiu1, Zhong Lyv1, Jianshuai Zhang1, Narendra Singh3, Kaimin Shih2, Yuanyuan Tang1()
1. State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
2. Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
3. Environmental Science Center, Decarbonisation and Resource Managemental, British Geological Survey, Nottinghamshire, Keyworth NG12 5GG, UK
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Abstract

● Dredged river sediment was proved as a ceramic precursor rather than a solid waste.

● Cd was stabilized in Cd-Al-Si-O phases at low temperatures via sediment addition.

● < 5% of Cd was leached out from sintered products even after a prolonged time.

● A strategy was proposed to simultaneously reuse wastes and stabilize heavy metals.

Cd-bearing solid wastes are considered to be a serious threat to the environment, and effective strategies for their treatment are urgently needed. Ceramic sintering has been considered as a promising method for efficiently incorporating heavy metal-containing solid wastes into various ceramic products. Mineral-rich dredged river sediment, especially Al and Si-containing oxides, can be treated as alternative ceramic precursors rather than being disposed of as solid wastes. To examine the feasibility of using waste sediment for Cd stabilization and the phase transition mechanisms, this study conducted a sintering scheme for the mixtures of CdO and dredged river sediment with different (Al+Si):Cd mole ratios. Detailed investigations have been performed on phases transformation, Cd incorporation mechanisms, elemental distribution, and leaching behaviors of the sintered products. Results showed that Cd incorporation and transformation in the sintered products were influenced by the mole ratio of (Al+Si):Cd. Among the high-Cd series ((Al+Si):Cd = 6:1), CdSiO3, Cd2SiO4, CdAl2(SiO4)2 and Cd2Al2Si2O9 were predominant Cd-containing product phases, while Cd2Al2Si2O9 was replaced by CdAl4O7 when the mole ratio of (Al+Si):Cd was 12:1 (low-Cd series). Cd was efficiently stabilized in both reaction series after being sintered at ≥ 900 °C, with < 5% leached ratio even after a prolonged leaching time, indicating excellent long-term Cd stabilization. This study demonstrated that both Cd-containing phases and the amorphous Al-/Si-containing matrices all played critical roles in Cd stabilization. A promising strategy can be proposed to simultaneously reuse the solid waste as ceramic precursors and stabilize heavy metals in the ceramic products.
Keywords Dredged river sediments      Cadmium      Sintering      Stabilization      Leaching     
Corresponding Author(s): Yuanyuan Tang   
Issue Date: 12 December 2022
 Cite this article:   
Yunxue Xia,Dong Qiu,Zhong Lyv, et al. Controlled sintering for cadmium stabilization by beneficially using the dredged river sediment[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2023, 17(5): 61.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-023-1661-9
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2023/V17/I5/61
Fig.1  XRD patterns of the CdO+sediment mixture with (Al+Si):Cd mole ratio of (a) 6:1 and (b) 12:1 before and after being sintered at 500–1000 °C for 3 h. The crystalline phases were identified as: Quartz (SiO2, PDF#85-1053); Iron Sulfate Hydroxide (Fe(OH)SO4, PDF#21-0428); Kaolinite (Al2Si2O5(OH)4, PDF#83-0971); Sillimanite (Al2SiO5, PDF#22-0018); Aluminum Silicate (AlSi0.5O2.5, PDF#29-0084); Monteponite (CdO, PDF#75-0593); Cadmium Metasilicate (CdSiO3, PDF#35-0810); Cadmium Silicate (Cd2SiO4, PDF#89-0217); Cadmium Aluminum Oxide (CdAl4O7, PDF#22-1061); Cadmium Aluminum Silicate 1 (CdAl2(SiO4)2, PDF#31-0217); Cadmium Aluminum Silicate 2 (Cd2Al2Si2O9, PDF#31-0216).
Fig.2  Backscattered electron images of the CdO+sediment mixture sintered at 1000 °C for 3 h with (Al+Si):Cd ratio of (a) 6:1 and (b) 12:1.
Fig.3  (a), (b) pH value and (c), (d) Cd concentration of the leachate of the CdO+sediment mixture with (Al+Si):Cd mole ratio of 6:1 and 12:1 before and after being sintered at 500–1000 °C for 3 h.
Fig.4  (a) Al; (b) Fe; (c) Si; (d) Ca concentration of the leachate of the CdO+sediment mixture with (Al+Si):Cd mole ratio of 6:1 before and after being sintered at 500–1000 °C for 3 h.
Fig.5  (a) Al; (b) Fe; (c) Si; (d) Ca concentration of the leachate of the CdO+sediment mixture with (Al+Si):Cd mole ratio of 12:1 before and after being sintered at 500–1000 °C for 3 h.
Reaction series Sintered temperature for different Cd-containing phases ( °C)
CdO CdSiO3 Cd2SiO4 CdAl2(SiO4)2 Cd2Al2Si2O9 CdAl4O7
(Al+Si):Cd = 6:1 500–800 500–700 700–1000 750–1000 750–1000 –
(Al+Si):Cd = 12:1 500–650 500–700 800–1000 750–1000 – 800–1000
Tab.1  Cd-containing crystal phases in the sintered products
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