Current status of municipal wastewater treatment plants in North-east China: implications for reforming and upgrading

doi:10.1007/s11783-023-1673-5

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2023, Vol. 17

Issue (6) : 73 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-023-1673-5

REVIEW ARTICLE

Current status of municipal wastewater treatment plants in North-east China: implications for reforming and upgrading

Bin Cui, Chongjun Zhang, Liang Fu(

), Dandan Zhou(

), Mingxin Huo

Jilin Engineering Laboratory for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China

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Abstract

● The performance and costs of 20 municipal WWTPs were analyzed.

● Effluent COD and NH₄⁺-N effluent exceed the limits more frequently in winter.

● Nitrification and refractory pollutant removal are limited at low temperatures.

● To meet the national standards, electricity cost must increase by > 42% in winter.

● Anammox, granular sludge, and aerobic denitrification are promising technologies.

Climate affects the natural landscape, the economic productivity of societies, and the lifestyles of its inhabitants. It also influences municipal wastewater treatment. Biological processes are widely employed in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), and the prolonged cold conditions brought by the winter months each year pose obstacles to meeting the national standards in relatively cold regions. Therefore, both a systematic analysis of existing technical bottlenecks as well as promising novel technologies are urgently needed for these cold regions. Taking North-east China as a case, this review studied and analyzed the main challenges affecting 20 municipal WWTPs. Moreover, we outlined the currently employed strategies and research issues pertaining to low temperature conditions. Low temperatures have been found to reduce the metabolism of microbes by 58% or more, thereby leading to chemical oxygen demand (COD) and NH₄⁺-N levels that have frequently exceeded the national standard during the winter months. Furthermore, the extracellular matrix tends to lead to activated sludge bulking issues. Widely employed strategies to combat these issues include increasing the aeration intensity, reflux volume, and flocculant addition; however, these strategies increase electricity consumption by > 42% in the winter months. Internationally, the processes of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), granular sludge, and aerobic denitrification have become the focus of research for overcoming low temperature. These have inspired us to review and propose directions for the further development of novel technologies suitable for cold regions, thereby overcoming the issues inherent in traditional processes that have failed to meet the presently reformed WWTP requirements.

Keywords Low temperature Municipal WWTPs Cold region Electricity consumption Nitrogen removal

Corresponding Author(s): Liang Fu,Dandan Zhou

Issue Date: 30 December 2022

Cite this article:

Bin Cui,Chongjun Zhang,Liang Fu, et al. Current status of municipal wastewater treatment plants in North-east China: implications for reforming and upgrading[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2023, 17(6): 73.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-023-1673-5
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2023/V17/I6/73

Fig.1 Overview of the challenges, strategies, study hotspots, and prospects for municipal wastewater treatment at low temperatures.

Fig.2 Overview of municipal wastewater treatment in North-east China: (a) wastewater treatment capacity (column graph shows the annual wastewater treatment volume, pie graph shows the proportion of wastewater treatment plants with different treatment capacities), (b) wastewater treatment process composition (A/A/O: anaerobic/anoxic/oxic, A/O: anoxic/oxic, CASS: cyclic activated sludge system, CAST: cyclic activated sludge technology, BCO: biological contact oxidation, SBR: sequencing batch reactor, BF: biofilm, OD: oxidation ditch).

Fig.3 Variations of the influent and effluent qualities of 20 WWTPs in North-east China from 2011 to 2018. (a) COD, (b) BOD, (c) NH₄⁺-N, (d) TN, (e) SS, (f) TP. (Dec. to Feb. comprised the winter months with wastewater temperatures below 10 °C, while Jun. to Aug. comprised the summer months, which was a period distinguished by the highest wastewater temperature measured for the year).

Tab.1 Effects of low temperatures on the removal efficiency of refractory organics

Fig.4 Electricity consumption and costs of WWTPs in winter versus summer. (a) Electrical costs of 20 WWTPs in winter versus summer, (b) the electricity consumption of 20 WWTPs with different treatment capacities in winter versus summer, (c) relationship between the electricity consumption and temperature of Plant A, (d) relationship between the electricity consumption and temperature of Plant B.

Fig.5 Keyword cluster analysis of research hotspots in wastewater treatments conducted at low temperatures.

Tab.2 Species of aerobic denitrifiers and their nitrogen removal performances at low temperature

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