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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

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Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2022, Vol. 16 Issue (9) : 112    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-022-1533-8
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Tracking Cryptosporidium in urban wastewater treatment plants in a cold region: Occurrence, species and infectivity
Dan Xiao1,2, Zhaofeng Lyu2, Shiheng Chen2, Yang Huo3, Wei Fan3(), Mingxin Huo3
1. Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
2. School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
3. School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
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Abstract

• Cryptosporidium in WWTPs in a cold region was investigated in different seasons.

• The overall removal efficiency of Cryptosporidium in WWTPs was over 84%.

• The infectivity rate declined below 53% in effluents mainly due to disinfection.

• The infectivity of Cryptosporidium increased with a seasonal drop in temperature.

• Low temperature promotes binding protein retention and virulence genes expression.

This study investigated the occurrence, species, infectivity and removal efficiency of Cryptosporidium spp. across typical wastewater treatment train. Samples from different process units were collected seasonally and synchronously from four wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Northeastern China. Live Cryptosporidium oocysts were identified in most samples from both influent (97.50%) and effluent (90.00%) wastewaters of the four WWTPs, at an average density of 26.34 and 4.15 oocysts/L, respectively. The overall removal efficiency was 84.25%, and oocysts were mainly removed (62.01%) by the modified secondary sedimentation process. Ten Cryptosporidium species were identified in the effluent samples. C. andersoni, C. bovis, and C. ryanae were the three most prevalent species. Oocyst viability assays indicated no reduction of excystation rate during the primary and secondary wastewater treatments (varied in the range of 63.08%–68.50%), but the excystation rate declined to 52.21% in the effluent after disinfection. Notably, the Cryptosporidium oocysts showed higher infection intensity in the cold season (winter and spring) than that in summer and autumn. The influences of environmental temperature on virulence factors of Cryptosporidium were further examined. It was observed that more extracellular secretory proteins were bound on the oocyst surface and several virulence genes were expressed relatively strongly at low temperatures, both of which could facilitate oocyst adhesion, invasion, and host immune evasion. This research is of considerable interest since it serves as an important step towards more accurate panoramic recognition of Cryptosporidium risk reduction in WWTPs, and especially highlights the potential health risk associated with Cryptosporidium in cold regions/seasons.
Keywords WWTPs      Cryptosporidium      Occurrence      Species      Infectivity      Low temperature     
Corresponding Author(s): Wei Fan   
About author:

Tongcan Cui and Yizhe Hou contributed equally to this work.
Issue Date: 14 January 2022
 Cite this article:   
Dan Xiao,Zhaofeng Lyu,Shiheng Chen, et al. Tracking Cryptosporidium in urban wastewater treatment plants in a cold region: Occurrence, species and infectivity[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(9): 112.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-022-1533-8
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2022/V16/I9/112
Fig.1  Schematics of four WWTPs (A, B, C, and D). The alphanumeric combination (i.e. A1–A5) indicates grab sample collection locations. A2O denotes anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic treatment, and MBBR denotes the moving bed biofilm reactor.
Fig.2  Cryptosporidium oocysts processed with AFS (a), FITC (b), DAPI (c), and PI (d). (e) Mean numbers (and standard deviations) of live Cryptosporidium oocysts detected in influent (Inf) and effluent (Eff) wastewaters from the four WWTPs at different sampling times.
Fig.3  (a) Phylogenetic relationship of Cryptosporidium subtype families detected in all influent samples from four WWTPs. (b) Co-occurrence relationships of all identified Cryptosporidium.
Fig.4  Removal of Cryptosporidium across the wastewater treatment train. (a)–(d) show the data obtained from WWTP A, B, C, and D, respectively.
Fig.5  Seasonal variations of the excystation rate of Cryptosporidium oocyst throughout treatment processes in WWTP A, B, C, and D (a–d).
Fig.6  Infection intensity of C. parvum oocysts incubated at different temperatures.
Fig.7  (a) Schematic of the virulence of ESPs when the oocysts interact with the intestinal mucosal epithelial. (b) ESPs content of C. parvum oocysts incubated at temperature 0℃, 5℃, 10℃, 15℃, 20℃ and 25℃ for 7 days, including membrane-binding proteins and (c) free proteins in extracellular solution.
Fig.8  One-dimensional plot of the ddPCR assay shows the separation of droplets obtained from C. parvum oocysts under the stress of different incubation temperatures (0℃, 5℃, 10℃, 15℃, 20℃ and 25℃) at day 7. Positive droplets with PCR amplification (colored blue) are separated from negative droplets without amplification (colored grey). (a), (c), and (e) are the estimation of cDNA of the gene gp60, COWP2, and HSP 70, respectively. (b), (d), and (f) illustrate the copy number concentrations of the gene gp60, COWP2, and HSP 70, respectively. The measuring error in the ddPCR method is 50 copies/μL.
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