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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

ISSN 2095-2201

ISSN 2095-221X(Online)

CN 10-1013/X

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Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2015, Vol. 9 Issue (4) : 685-693    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-014-0752-z
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Ecotoxicity assessment of soil irrigated with domestic wastewater using different extractions
Wenyan LIANG(),Lili SUI,Yuan ZHAO,Feizhen LI,Lijun LIU,Di XIE
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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Abstract

The toxicity of soil irrigated with treated domestic wastewater (site A) and untreated gray wastewater (site B) were investigated. Soil extracts were prepared using distilled water, acid solvent (0.1 mol·L-1 HCl), and organic solvent (acetone:petroleum ether:cyclohexane= 1:1:1) to understand the type of pollutants responsible for the ecotoxicity associated with wastewater irrigation. The soil toxicity was assessed using a luminescence inhibition assay with Vibrio fischeri for acute toxicity, a micronucleus assay with Vicia faba root tips and a single cell gel electrophoresis assay of mice lymphocytes for genotoxicity. The physicochemical properties and the heavy metal (HM) contents of the irrigated soil were also analyzed. The results indicated that the wastewater irrigation at site A had no effects on the soil properties. With the exception of Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn, the accumulation of HMs (Cu, Ni, and Cr) occurred. However, the irrigation at site A did not result in obvious acute toxicity or genotoxicity in the soil. The soil properties changed greatly, and HMs (Cu, Ni, and Cr) accumulated in site B. There were significant increases in the acute toxic and genotoxic effects in the soils from site B. The ecotoxicity in site B came primarily from organic-extractable pollutants.
Keywords ecotoxicology      domestic wastewater      soil irrigation      risk assessment      organic extraction     
Corresponding Author(s): Wenyan LIANG   
Online First Date: 16 September 2014    Issue Date: 25 June 2015
 Cite this article:   
Wenyan LIANG,Lili SUI,Yuan ZHAO, et al. Ecotoxicity assessment of soil irrigated with domestic wastewater using different extractions[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2015, 9(4): 685-693.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-014-0752-z
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2015/V9/I4/685
site COD TN TP NH3-N TSS Fe Pb Cu Zn Cr TDS
A 33–52 30–38 0.3–1.7 15–17 8.0–14 0.11–0.21 0.02–0.04 N.D. N.D. N.D. 405–463
B 58–196 20–47 0.5–2.7 3.4–15 28–58 0.23–0.31 0.04–0.07 N.D. N.D. N.D. 312–358
Tab.1  Pollutant concentrations of the irrigation wastewater
Fig.1  Sampling scheme of irrigation site A (a) and site B (b). ●: Sampling points. Arabic numbers: No. of sampling points at each site. Dash line refers to water flow direction
sample No. pH EC /(μS·cm-1) CEC /(cmol·kg-1) Pb /(mg·kg-1) Cu /(mg·kg-1) Zn /(mg·kg-1) Ni /(mg·kg-1) Cr /(mg·kg-1) Fe /(g·kg-1) Mn /(mg·kg-1)
site A controla) 7.08 53 33.3 37.7 12.5 73.9 23.7 45.2 19.8 509
1 6.74 203 16.5 36.8 13.0 80.1 26.8 44.6 19.9 375
2 6.85 107 18.1 42.6 27.5 162 25.7 58.4 20.3 390
3 6.93 78 32.5 37.8 16.1 80.3 29.0 66.7 17.8 402
4 6.73 69 30.6 35.1 17.2 99.6 31.3 79.9 18.7 516
5 7.14 52 29.7 38.6 17.5 79.9 29.8 82.8 18.7 509
6 7.23 41 26.3 36.0 16.0 81.0 31.0 75.0 18.7 517
7 7.11 38 31.3 30.5 15.7 79.1 30.9 59.3 20.5 561
8 7.41 84 34.7 36.7 15.4 73.3 30.8 85.7 18.7 504
9 7.08 43 34.1 37.4 16.3 84.5 30.7 77.5 18.9 516
10 7.17 62 29.1 38.1 14.8* 84.2 29.1* 75.9* 18.7 492
averageb) 7.04 78 28.3 37.0 17.0 90.4 29.5 70.6 19.1 478
site B controla) 7.77 42 75.9 28.1 13.0 87.9 9.38 24.9 19.8 531
1 7.24 359 118 39.5 21.4 177 24.4 53.8 25.0 626
2 7.20 1043 150 34.1 20.9 136 18.1 34.1 17.4 344
3 7.52 807 125 32.0 13.8 75.3 31.0 62.5 20.7 308
4 7.09 769 66.6 34.2 16.4 80.6 18.4 50.9 22.1 404
5 7.27 57 63.7 22.4 13.7 85.9 17.8 58.7 23.7 483
6 7.47 99 90.3 32.4 18.6 114 14.7 29.4 11.3 313
averageb) 7.30 522* 102 32.4 17.5* 111 20.7* 48.2* 20.0 413
Tab.2  The physico-chemical properties and levels of heavy metals from two sites
Fig.2  Variations in the percentage of relative luminescence for water, acid, and organic extracts in irrigated soils from site A (a) and site B (b). Error bars indicate the S.D. (n = 3). Sample No. 0 is the control sample. *, p<0.05
Fig.3  Variations in the micronucleus of water, acid, and organic extracts of the irrigated soils from site A (a) and site B (b). Error bars indicate S.D. (n = 3). Sample No. 0 indicates the control sample. MCN % = micronucleus frequency
soil number water extract acid extract organic extract
site A control 1.72±0.21 3.97±0.69 25.36±2.07
1 1.01±0.11* 3.53±0.26 21.32±3.38
2 1.18±0.35 3.96±0.45 25.47±3.99
3 1.21±0.09* 4.53±0.87 23.54±1.27
4 1.43±0.40 3.26±0.38 22.05±2.55
5 1.21±0.25 3.33±0.35 25.63±3.96
6 1.93±0.66 3.60±0.46 31.16±1.63
7 2.72±0.20 3.92±0.38 33.12±3.03*
8 2.11±0.14* 3.32±0.14 28.67±2.56*
9 1.99±0.16 4.01±0.46 24.44±1.85
10 1.55±0.34 4.14±0.45 21.21±2.20
site B control 3.08±0.49 4.49±1.95 28.78±4.20
1 2.03±0.04* 5.50±1.05 65.05±2.41*
2 3.00±0.12 4.61±2.38 59.91±0.83*
3 5.39±1.58 5.69±2.63 48.58±1.58*
4 2.05±0.76 2.29±1.92 40.32±4.26*
5 1.43±0.26* 4.28±0.48 27.56±1.02
6 2.58±1.12 3.17±0.48 23.44±2.99
Tab.3  DNA damage in mouse lymphocytes (tail DNA %) from the extracts of irrigated soils
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