Plant calcium oxalate crystal formation, function, and its impact on human health

doi:10.1007/s11515-012-1224-0

Front Biol

2012, Vol. 7

Issue (3) : 254-266 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11515-012-1224-0

REVIEW

Plant calcium oxalate crystal formation, function, and its impact on human health

Paul A. NAKATA(

)

USDA-ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-2600, USA

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Abstract

Crystals of calcium oxalate have been observed among members from most taxonomic groups of photosynthetic organisms ranging from the smallest algae to the largest trees. The biological roles for calcium oxalate crystal formation in plant growth and development include high-capacity calcium regulation, protection against herbivory, and tolerance to heavy metals. Using a variety of experimental approaches researchers have begun to unravel the complex mechanisms controlling formation of this biomineral. Given the important roles for calcium oxalate formation in plant survival and the antinutrient and pathological impact on human health through its presence in plant foods, researchers are avidly seeking a more comprehensive understanding of how these crystals form. Such an understanding will be useful in efforts to design strategies aimed at improving the nutritional quality and production of plant foods.

Keywords calcium oxalate crystals biomineral idioblast nutrition

Corresponding Author(s): NAKATA Paul A.,Email:pnakata@bcm.tmc.edu

Issue Date: 01 June 2012

Cite this article:

Paul A. NAKATA. Plant calcium oxalate crystal formation, function, and its impact on human health[J]. Front Biol, 2012, 7(3): 254-266.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fib/EN/10.1007/s11515-012-1224-0
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fib/EN/Y2012/V7/I3/254

Fig.1 Ultrastructure of the calcium oxalate raphide crystal idioblast. (A) Low magnification TEM of a cross-section through a developing raphide crystal idioblast and adjacent mesophyll cells (for comparison) from a leaf. Note some of the unique characteristic features of the crystal idioblast which include an enlarged nucleus, specialized plastids, increased ER, and unique vacuolar components. Bar= 2 μm. (B) Higher magnification view of crystal idioblast ER stacks, modified plastids, and adjacent mesophyll cells. The raphide calcium oxalate crystals appear as rectangular white profiles (*) within the vacuole. The ER stacks are denoted by arrows. Id, idioblast; m, mesophyll cell; n, nucleus; cl, chloroplast; p, plastid; v, vacuole; as, airspace. Bar= 1 μm. (Images used with permission from Elsevier, ).

Fig.2 Calcium oxalate crystal formation in high-capacity calcium regulation. High calcium flux can result in rapid formation of calcium oxalate crystals as exhibited in this sequential series of calcium treatments using a single live root of . Under calcium deficient conditions, the calcium bound in the crystal is remobilized for use in plant growth and development. Raphide bundles of calcium oxalate crystals appear as white blotches. (A) Longitudinal section through a root tip. RC, root cap; S, root stele; C, root cortex. Bar, 250 μm. (B) Whole-mount of live root tip after pretreated with 0 mM calcium solution as viewed between crossed-polarizers. (C) Whole-mount of the same live root tip after a 30 minute exposure to a 7 mM calcium solution as viewed between crossed-polarizers. (D) Whole-mount of the same live root tip viewed in (B) after returned to a 0 mM calcium solution for 3 hours as viewed between crossed-polarizers. (Images used with permission from Springer-Verlag, ).

Fig.3 Generation of a calcium oxalate deficient plant with improved calcium bioavailability. Wild-type and plants were grown hydroponically in the presence of Ca. (A) A comparison of the leaves (top) and calcium oxalate crystal phenotypes (bottom) of wild-type and 5. Note the crystals along the secondary vascular strand (boxed region on leaf image) in wild-type and the absence of crystals in the modified plant, 5. Bar= 25 μm. (B) Percent difference of the calcium found in the form of the calcium oxalate crystal in wild-type and 5. Both plants had similar calcium content but differed in the amount each sequestered as the calcium oxalate salt. (C) Percent difference in Ca absorbed and incorporated into the bones from wild-type and fed mice. Note, that the increase absorption and utilization of calcium from the modified plant was directly proportional to the decrease in the percentage of calcium bound in the oxalate crystal ().

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