Unconventional hydrodynamics of hybrid fluid made of liquid metals and aqueous solution under applied fields

doi:10.1007/s11708-018-0545-3

Front. Energy

2018, Vol. 12

Issue (2) : 276-296 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-018-0545-3

REVIEW ARTICLE

Unconventional hydrodynamics of hybrid fluid made of liquid metals and aqueous solution under applied fields

Xu-Dong ZHANG¹, Yue SUN¹, Sen CHEN¹, Jing LIU²(

)

¹. Beijing Key Lab of Cryo-Biomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
². Beijing Key Lab of Cryo-Biomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049; Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

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Abstract

The hydrodynamic characteristics of hybrid fluid made of liquid metal/aqueous solution are elementary in the design and operation of conductive flow in a variety of newly emerging areas such as chip cooling, soft robot, and biomedical practices. In terms of physical and chemical properties, such as density, thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity, their huge differences between the two fluidic phases remain a big challenge for analyzing the hybrid flow behaviors. Besides, the liquid metal immersed in the solution can move and deform when administrated with non-contact electromagnetic force, or even induced by redox reaction, which is entirely different from the cases of conventional contact force. Owing to its remarkable capability in flow and deformation, liquid metal immersed in the solution is apt to deform on an extremely large scale, resulting in marked changes on its boundary and interface. However, the working mecha- nisms of the movement and deformation of liquid metal lack appropriate models to describe such scientific issues via a set of well-established unified equations. To promote investigations in this important area, the present paper is dedicated to summarizing this unconventional hydrodynamics from experiment, theory, and simulation. Typical experimental phenomena and basic working mechanisms are illustrated, followed by the movement and deformation theories to explain these phenomena. Several representative simulation methods are then proposed to tackle the governing functions of the electrohydrodynamics. Finally, prospects and challenges are raised, offering an insight into the new physics of the hybrid fluid under applied fields.

Keywords liquid metal hybrid fluid hydrodynamics surface tension applied fields self-actuation

Corresponding Author(s): Jing LIU

Just Accepted Date: 22 January 2018 Online First Date: 19 April 2018 Issue Date: 04 June 2018

Cite this article:

Xu-Dong ZHANG,Yue SUN,Sen CHEN, et al. Unconventional hydrodynamics of hybrid fluid made of liquid metals and aqueous solution under applied fields[J]. Front. Energy, 2018, 12(2): 276-296.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/EN/10.1007/s11708-018-0545-3
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/EN/Y2018/V12/I2/276

Fig.1 Typical applications of room temperature liquid metal

Fig.2 Electric-field-induced rotation of a liquid metal sphere (Adapted with permission from Ref. [¹⁸])

Fig.3 An electrohydrodynamic shooting phenomenon of liquid metal stream

Fig.4 A liquid metal enabled pump

Fig.5 Large deformation of liquid metal under electric field

Fig.6 Non-coalescence phenomenon of liquid metal drop

Fig.7 Self-running of liquid Ga-In-Al soft motor along different geometrical space filled with NaOH solution (Adapted with permission from Ref. [¹⁹])

Fig.8 Oscillation behavior of copper wire in liquid metal machine

Fig.9 Transformation of the liquid metal droplet on graphite in an electrolyte (Adapted with permission from Ref. [²¹])

Fig.10 Unusual biomimetic amoeba-like behaviors of liquid metal

Fig.11 Liquid metal motor under magnetic trap

Fig.12 Rotation of liquid metal under the coupled interaction of electric field and magnetic field

Fig.13 Movement of liquid metal droplets adding aluminum under electric field

Tab.1 Some physical properties of liquid metals [⁵¹–⁵⁴]

Fig.14 Shape of gallium in different media and substrates

Fig.15 EDL around the liquid metal drop

Tab.2 Development of conducting drop model

Fig.16 Charge redistribution on surface of liquid metal drop under electric field

Fig.17 Deformation process of liquid metal based on gallium immersed in the alkaline solution under electric field

Fig.18 Deformation process of gallium-based liquid metal on the graphite and immersed in the alkaline solution without electric field (Adapted with permission from Ref. [²¹])

Fig.19 Forces acting on gallium-based liquid metal before and after deformation

Fig.20 Comparison of deformation factor D between predicted values and computational results for different ratios of the electric conductivities σ₁?σ₂and ε₁??₂=10 (Adapted with permission from Ref. [⁷⁹])

Fig.21 Relations of drop deformation factor and induced flow pattern

Fig.22 Deformation, velocity vectors, and fluid density contours of the droplet(a quarter of the central region)

(a) R>S, D>0; (b) R<S, D>0; (c) R<S, D<0 (Adapted with permission from Ref. [⁸¹])

Fig.23 Calculated drop shape, equipotential and velocity vectors

Fig.24 Finite-volume/front tracking simulations of deformation and motion of two-phase drop suspension system, streamline on the left and velocity vector on the right

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