Room temperature liquid metal: its melting point, dominating mechanism and applications

doi:10.1007/s11708-019-0653-8

Front. Energy

2020, Vol. 14

Issue (1) : 81-104 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-019-0653-8

REVIEW ARTICLE

Room temperature liquid metal: its melting point, dominating mechanism and applications

Junheng FU¹, Chenglin ZHANG¹, Tianying LIU², Jing LIU³(

)

¹. CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190, China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cryo-Biomedical Engineering, Beijing 100190, China
². CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cryo-Biomedical Engineering, Beijing 100190, China
³. CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cryo-Biomedical Engineering, Beijing 100190, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

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Abstract

The room temperature liquid metal (LM) is recently emerging as a new class of versatile materials with fascinating characteristics mostly originated from its simultaneous metallic and liquid natures. The melting point is a typical parameter to describe the peculiarity of LM, and a pivotal factor to consider concerning its practical applications such as phase change materials (PCMs) and advanced thermal management. Therefore, the theoretical exploration into the melting point of LM is an essential issue, which can be of special value for the design of new LM materials with desired properties. So far, some available strategies such as molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and classical thermodynamic theory have been applied to perform correlative analysis. This paper is primarily dedicated to performing a comprehensive overview regarding typical theoretical strategies on analyzing the melting points. It, then, presents evaluations on several factors like components, pressure, size and supercooling that may be critical for melting processes of liquid metal. After that, it discusses applications associated with the characteristic of low melting points of LM. It is expected that a great many fundamental and practical works are to be conducted in the coming future.

Keywords melting point liquid metal crystal thermodynamics molecular dynamics

Corresponding Author(s): Jing LIU

Online First Date: 19 December 2019 Issue Date: 16 March 2020

Cite this article:

Junheng FU,Chenglin ZHANG,Tianying LIU, et al. Room temperature liquid metal: its melting point, dominating mechanism and applications[J]. Front. Energy, 2020, 14(1): 81-104.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/EN/10.1007/s11708-019-0653-8
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/EN/Y2020/V14/I1/81

Fig.1 Typical applications of low melting-point liquid metal.

Fig.2 Typical schematics about Gibbs free energy, chemical potential and phase diagrams (adapted with permission from Ref. [⁶⁰]).

Fig.3 Molecular dynamic simulation results judged by various criteria.

Fig.4 Illustrations of melting process for mercury.

(a) Differences in electron distribution between gold (Au) and mercury (Hg) (adapted with permission from Ref. [⁷⁶]); (b) and (c) relativistic effects on the melting process of mercury clusters (adapted with permission from Ref. [⁷⁷]).

Fig.5 Structural factors, binomial distribution functions, and cluster models for Ga-In alloys (adapted with permission from Ref. [⁹⁶]).

Fig.6 DSC curves of Ga, EGaIn, Galinstan, and GaInSnZn alloys (adapted with permission from Ref. [⁹⁸]).

Fig.7 Phase diagrams.

Tab.1 Composition, latent heat, and melting point of multi-component liquid alloys [⁴⁹]

Fig.8 Structure of a commercial reusable heat pack (Solid crystals can easily be trapped at the contact junction with high pressure.)

Fig.9 Melting curves of gallium, indium, thallium, and aluminum (It can be seen that the melting point increases with the increase of pressure except for gallium.) (adapted with permission from Ref. [¹⁰⁵]).

Fig.10 Phase transition state and structure of gallium.

Tab.2 Comparison of α-Ga, Ga II, and Ga III [¹⁰¹]

Tab.3 Comparison of α-Ga, β-Ga, γ-Ga, and δ-Ga (at atmospheric pressure) [¹⁰¹]

Fig.11 Characteristic DSC curves of bulk gallium and gallium particles.

Tab.4 Calculated N/n for different nanosolids [¹¹⁰]

Fig.12 Comparison of the theory and experiment for Sn and Pb nanoparticles (adapted with permission from Ref. [¹¹⁰]).

Fig.13 Effect of binding energy and size on the melting point of nanoparticles (adapted with permission from Ref. [¹¹²]).

Nanosolid	Molar surface area
Spherical nanoparticles	$A (T) = (6 / D) V (T)$
Regular tetrahedral nanoparticles	$A (T) = (66 / D) V (T)$
Regular icosahedral nanoparticles	$A (T) = [93 − 315 / D] V (T)$
Cylindrical nanowires	$A (T) = (4 / D) V (T)$
Nanofilms	$A (T) = (2 / H) V (T)$

Tab.5 Molar surface area of different nanosolids [¹¹²]

Fig.14 Relationship between the volume free energy, interface energy and the radius of the crystal.

Tab.6 Thermodynamic parameters of typical liquids [¹⁰⁰]

Fig.15 Critical parameters for nucleation of typical liquids at different temperatures.

Fig.16 Examples and property contrast of three common types of PCMs (adapted with permission from Ref. [¹¹⁵]).

Fig.17 Temperature responses of different thermal materials.

Tab.7 Comparison of thermal parameters of different metallic PCMs [¹¹⁵]

Fig.18 High density heat production equipment and heat transfer efficiency (adapted with permission from Ref. [¹¹⁵]).

Fig.19 Different printing methods and printed patterns.

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