Research progress on hydrate plugging in multiphase mixed rich-liquid transportation pipelines

doi:10.1007/s11708-020-0688-x

Front. Energy

2022, Vol. 16

Issue (5) : 774-792 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-020-0688-x

REVIEW ARTICLE

Research progress on hydrate plugging in multiphase mixed rich-liquid transportation pipelines

Shuyu SONG¹(

), Zhiming LIU¹, Li ZHOU², Liyan SHANG², Yaxin WANG³

¹. College of Petroleum Engineering, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun 113001, China
². College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun 113001, , China
³. College of Journal Editorial Department, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun 113001, China

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Abstract

The plugging mechanism of multiphase mixed rich-liquid transportation in submarine pipeline is a prerequisite for maintaining the fluid flow in the pipeline and ensuring safe fluid flow. This paper introduced the common experimental devices used to study multiphase flow, and summarized the plugging progress and mechanism in the liquid-rich system. Besides, it divided the rich-liquid phase system into an oil-based system, a partially dispersed system, and a water-based system according to the different water cuts, and discussed the mechanism of hydrate plugging. Moreover, it summarized the mechanism and the use of anti-agglomerates in different systems. Furthermore, it proposed some suggestions for future research on hydrate plugging. First, in the oil-based system, the effect factors of hydrates are combined with the mechanical properties of hydrate deposit layer, and the hydrate plugging mechanism models at inclined and elbow pipes should be established. Second, the mechanism of oil-water emulsion breaking in partially dispersed system and the reason for the migration of the oil-water interface should be analyzed, and the property of the free water layer on the hydrate plugging process should be quantified. Third, a complete model of the effect of the synergy of liquid bridge force and van der Waals force in the water-based system on the hydrate particle coalescence frequency model is needed, and the coalescence frequency model should be summarized. Next, the dynamic analysis of a multiphase mixed rich-liquid transportation pipeline should be coupled with the process of hydrate coalescence, deposition, and blockage decomposition. Finally, the effects of anti-agglomerates on the morphological evolution of hydrate under different systems and pipeline plugging conditions in different media should be further explored.

Keywords hydrate rich-liquid phase plugging mechanism coalescence deposition anti-agglomerate

Corresponding Author(s): Shuyu SONG

Online First Date: 09 September 2020 Issue Date: 28 November 2022

Cite this article:

Shuyu SONG,Zhiming LIU,Li ZHOU, et al. Research progress on hydrate plugging in multiphase mixed rich-liquid transportation pipelines[J]. Front. Energy, 2022, 16(5): 774-792.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/EN/10.1007/s11708-020-0688-x
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/EN/Y2022/V16/I5/774

Loop name	Country	Length/m	Temperature control range/°C	Experiment pressure/MPa	Research content	Reference
Archimede Loop	France	30	0–10	1–10	Effects of dispersants and KHIs (PVP) on methane hydrate formation and fluidity. Coalescence process of gas hydrates in water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions. Effects of factors such as the liquid phase flow rate and polymerization inhibitors on the flow characteristics of hydrate slurry under a high water cut	Fidel-Dufour et al. [13,14]; Cmaeirao et al. [15,16]; Melchuna et al. [17,18]
IFP-Lyre Loop	France	140	0–50	1–10	Development of a theoretical model for the coalescence process of W/O emulsion hydrate particles based on loop experimental data. Development of a model for predicting hydrate particle agglomeration and a linear pressure drop in the pipeline; analysis of the risk of hydrate plugging in transient flows	Palermo et al. [19,20]; Pauchard et al. [21,22];
ExxonMobil Loop	America	93	-6.5–38	0–8.3	Proposition of a hydrate plugging mechanism. Hydrate formation and the plugging mechanism in a high water cut system; development of a hydrate plugging model	Boxall et al. [23]; Joshi et al. [24]
FAL Loop	America	49	1.7–48.9	0–15.8	Characteristics of hydrate plugging and decomposition. Proposition of the mechanism of hydrate formation and blockage in PD system; development of a hydrate blockage model	Volk et al. [25]; Vijayamohan et al. [26,27]
Hytra Loop	Australia	20	4–30	0.1–11	Evaluation of the possibility of hydrate blockages in pipelines under transient conditions and mitigation measures	Lorenzo et al. [28,29]
PetrecoA/S Loop	Norway	2	-10–150	0–25	Effects of different hydrate inhibitors on hydrate formation in a condensate-gas-water system. Analysis of the risk of hydrate blockages of in the absence of inhibitor systems	Lund et al. [30]; Hemmingsen et al. [31]
GIEC Hydrate Flow Loop	China	30	-40–40	Low pressure system	Formation and blockage mechanism of HCFC-141b hydrate and THF hydrate	Wang et al. [32]
CUPB Chemical Loop	China	20	-10–50	1–4	Hydrate formation kinetics and anti-agglomerate performance of multiphase flow systems. Flow characteristics of hydrate slurry and evaluation of the stability of a hydrate slurry present in an oil-gas system in the presence of an anti-agglomerate. Inhibition performance test when combined with KHIs and anti-agglomerate	Sun et al. [33,34]; Li et al. [35]; Yan et al. [36]
CUPB Storage and Transportation Loop	China	30	- 20–80	0–15	Flow pattern and blocking mechanism of a multiphase flow system Analysis of the effects of flow, pressure and other factors on the plugging time of hydrates; processes of hydrate formation and aggregation; analysis of the effects of the fluid flow rate, anti-agglomerate concentration and water content and other factors on hydrate formation. Analysis of the effects of the initial pressure, water cut and anti-agglomerate concentration on the hydrate formation rate. Proposition of a mechanism underlying the formation and plugging of different gas-liquid flow hydrates	Li et al. [37,38]; Lv et al. [39–44]; Wu et al. [45]; Ding et al. [46,47]

Tab.1 Loop experiments and statistics analyses of blockage and safe flow

Fig.1 Micromechanical force measurement device (adapted with permission from Ref. [48]).

Fig.2 Coalescence process of hydrated particles in a rich liquid phase (adapted with permission from Ref. [51])

Fig.3 First type of hydrate plugging process (adapted with permission from Ref.[52]).

Fig.4 Second type of hydrate plugging process (adapted with permission from Ref. [52]).

Fig.5 Schematic depicting the conversion of water droplets to hydrates in an oil-based system (adapted with permission from Ref. [54]).

Fig.6 Hydrate formation and plugging processes in an oil-based system (adapted with permission from Ref. [55]).

Fig.7 Liquid bridge force between the two particles in a static system (adapted with permission from Ref. [56]).

Particle-to-wall adhesion/removal model (adapted with permission from Ref. [64]).

Fig.8 Liquid bridge force between hydrate particles and the tube wall (adapted with permission from Ref. [64]).

Fig.9 Process of formation of a hydrate particle deposition bed (adapted with permission from Ref. [70]).

Fig.10 Hydrate film growth (adapted with permission from Ref. [80]).

Fig.11 Effects of differences in temperature and gas solubility on film growth (adapted with permission from Ref. [71]).

Fig.12 Classification of hydrate film growth (adapted with permission from Ref. [71]).

Fig.13 Plugging mechanism model of PD system established by Akhfash (adapted with permission from Ref. [5]) (Additional stages observed here for PD system is shown in red text.)

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