Selective preparation for biofuels and high value chemicals based on biochar catalysts

doi:10.1007/s11708-023-0878-4

Front. Energy

2023, Vol. 17

Issue (5) : 635-653 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-023-0878-4

REVIEW ARTICLE

Selective preparation for biofuels and high value chemicals based on biochar catalysts

Hui LI¹(

), Changlan HOU², Yunbo ZHAI², Mengjiao TAN¹, Zhongliang HUANG¹, Zhiwei WANG³, Lijian LENG⁴, Peng LIU⁵, Tingzhou LEI⁵, Changzhu LI¹

¹. State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha 410004, China
². College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
³. School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
⁴. School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
⁵. National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomass Refining and High-Quality Utilization, Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China

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Abstract

The reuse of biomass wastes is crucial toward today’s energy and environmental crisis, among which, biomass-based biochar as catalysts for biofuel and high value chemical production is one of the most clean and economical solutions. In this paper, the recent advances in biofuels and high chemicals for selective production based on biochar catalysts from different biomass wastes are critically summarized. The topics mainly include the modification of biochar catalysts, the preparation of energy products, and the mechanisms of other high-value products. Suitable biochar catalysts can enhance the yield of biofuels and higher-value chemicals. Especially, the feedstock and reaction conditions of biochar catalyst, which affect the efficiency of energy products, have been the focus of recent attentions. Mechanism studies based on biochar catalysts will be helpful to the controlled products. Therefore, the design and advancement of the biochar catalyst based on mechanism research will be beneficial to increase biofuels and the conversion efficiency of chemicals into biomass. The advanced design of biochar catalysts and optimization of operational conditions based on the biomass properties are vital for the selective production of high-value chemicals and biofuels. This paper identifies the latest preparation for energy products and other high-value chemicals based on biochar catalysts progresses and offers insights into improving the yield of high selectivity for products as well as the high recyclability and low toxicity to the environment in future applications.

Keywords biomass biochar catalysts biofuels high chemicals

Corresponding Author(s): Hui LI

About author:

Peng Lei and Charity Ngina Mwangi contributed equally to this work.

Online First Date: 16 June 2023 Issue Date: 09 November 2023

Cite this article:

Hui LI,Changlan HOU,Yunbo ZHAI, et al. Selective preparation for biofuels and high value chemicals based on biochar catalysts[J]. Front. Energy, 2023, 17(5): 635-653.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/EN/10.1007/s11708-023-0878-4
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/EN/Y2023/V17/I5/635

Fig.1 Selective preparation for biofuels and high value chemicals based on biochar catalysts.

Fig.2 Ethanol and steam process on Ni/biochar derived species on various active sites in reforming reaction (adapted with permission from Ref. [11]).

Fig.3 SEM images of Ni-doped biochar catalysts (adapted with permission from Ref. [16]).

Tab.1 Catalytic performance of different modification of catalysts with biomass

Fig.4 Sulfonation reaction (adapted with permission from Ref. [44]).

Fig.5 Calculated reaction energy for the electroreduction of CO₂ to ethanol over pyridinic and pyrrolic N sites (adapted with permission from Ref. [54]).

Tab.2 Selectivity for product using different catalysts

Fig.6 Hydrodeoxygenation of vanillin depicting a plausible mechanism (adapted with permission from Ref. [72]).

Catalyst	Feedstock	Product	Catalyst/% (mass fraction)	Reported active sites	Mechanism	Ref.
BC	Chicken manure	Biodiesel	4.71	Ca species in catalyst imparts a strong basicity	Pseudo-catalytic transesterification	[61]
CaO/K₂CO₃ BC	Brown algae of Sargassum oligocystum	Biodiesel	4	CaO and K	Transesterification process	[63]
Solid acid BC	Oil palm empty fruit bunch	Biodiesel	20	S-O and S-O₃H sulfonic groups	Esterification	[57]
Magnetic BC	Palm kernel shell	Biodiesel	3.66	Comparable magnetisation saturation of 8.458 emu/g and high acid density of 1.92 mmol/g	Transesterification process	[56]
Ni BC	Mallee wood	Ethanol steam reforming		Alkali and alkaline earth metallic species and the O-containing functional groups	C₂H₆ species associatively desorb with available hydrogen dehydrogenation and decomposition steps	[11]
Poultry litter biochar (PLBC)	Poultry litter	Ethanol and butanol	10	Highest pH buffering capacity, CEC and total amount of cations	Clostridium carboxidivorans syngas fermentation	[71]
BC	Rice straw (RB) and manure (MB)	Methanogenesis		Redox-active properties or charging and discharging capacities, quinones	Quantitative polymerase chain reaction, electron transfer	[75]
BC	Corn straw	Methane	1	–CH₃, –CH₂, C=C bonds or C=O bonds, higher porosity, surface biological phosphorus content	Hydrogenotrophic methanogens biocarrier	[80]
Fe-rich BC	Corn stalk	Methane (95%)	10	Less in situ carbon consumption and a minor change of porous structure	Microwave methane reforming	[81]
Pd BC	Vine shoot and crystalline cellulose	Hydrogen	10	Pd size and dispersion and its interaction, chars and textural properties	Deoxygenation	[37]
Ni-BC	Wheat straw	Hydrogen	15	Interaction between Ni, biochar and volatiles	Steam gasification	[88]
BC	Sugarcane bagasse	Hydrogen	15	At low temperature with redox activity, at high temperature via cell growth enhancement	Ethanol-type fermentation	[92]
BC	Bamboo wastes and microalgae	Bio-oil (aromatics and phenols)	–	Long-chain fatty acids and O-species	Deoxygenation	[94]
BC	Nanocellulose	Phenolic monomers and hydrogen	3	Free, bound, or produced water, cellulose	Demethoxylation, the transalkylation reaction	[95]
Pd-Al₂O_3-BC	Plastic and biomass	C9 monomeric phenol	5	Hydrogenation of Cα = Cβ or dehydroxylation of Cγ, dehydroxylation at Cγ-OH	Lignin hydrogenolysis, decarboxylation and demethoxylation	[96]
BC	Pine	Caproate production	20	Extracellular polymer substances (EPS), methanogens	Chain elongation, electron efficiency process	[97]
BC	Hardwood (80%, mass fraction) and coniferous wood (20%, mass fraction)	Ethanol and caproic acid	10	Cell retention, decouple the growth of C. kluyveri and its caproic acid production	Secondary fermentation of syngas fermentation effluent, energy intensive distillation	[98]

Tab.3 Active sites and mechanisms of different biochar in selective preparation of biofuels and high chemicals

Fig.7 Process for furan production from lignocellulosic biomass (adapted with permission from Ref. [111]).

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