Characterization of the surface and interfacial properties of the lamina splendens

doi:10.1007/s11465-017-0409-2

Front. Mech. Eng.

2017, Vol. 12

Issue (2) : 234-252 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11465-017-0409-2

REVIEW ARTICLE

Characterization of the surface and interfacial properties of the lamina splendens

Joe T. REXWINKLE¹(

), Heather K. HUNT², Ferris M. PFEIFFER³

¹. Mechanical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
². Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
³. Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA

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Abstract

Joint disease affects approximately 52.5 million patients in the United States alone, costing 80.8 billion USD in direct healthcare costs. The development of treatment programs for joint disease and trauma requires accurate assessment of articular cartilage degradation. The articular cartilage is the interfacial tissue between articulating surfaces, such as bones, and acts as low-friction interfaces. Damage to the lamina splendens, which is the articular cartilage’s topmost layer, is an early indicator of joint degradation caused by injury or disease. By gaining comprehensive knowledge on the lamina splendens, particularly its structure and interfacial properties, researchers could enhance the accuracy of human and animal biomechanical models, as well as develop appropriate biomimetic materials for replacing damaged articular cartilage, thereby leading to rational treatment programs for joint disease and injury. Previous studies that utilize light, electron, and force microscopy techniques have found that the lamina splendens is composed of collagen fibers oriented parallel to the cartilage surface and encased in a proteoglycan matrix. Such orientation maximizes wear resistance and proteoglycan retention while promoting the passage of nutrients and synovial fluid. Although the structure of the lamina splendens has been explored in the literature, the low-friction interface of this tissue remains only partially characterized. Various functional models are currently available for the interface, such as pure boundary lubrication, thin films exuded under pressure, and sheets of trapped proteins. Recent studies suggest that each of these lubrication models has certain advantages over one another. Further research is needed to fully model the interface of this tissue. In this review, we summarize the methods for characterizing the lamina splendens and the results of each method. This paper aims to serve as a resource for existing studies to date and a roadmap of the investigations needed to gain further insight into the lamina splendens and the progression of joint disease.

Keywords cartilage lamina splendens characterization biomechanics orthopaedic review

Corresponding Author(s): Joe T. REXWINKLE

Just Accepted Date: 08 December 2016 Online First Date: 10 January 2017 Issue Date: 19 June 2017

Cite this article:

Joe T. REXWINKLE,Heather K. HUNT,Ferris M. PFEIFFER. Characterization of the surface and interfacial properties of the lamina splendens[J]. Front. Mech. Eng., 2017, 12(2): 234-252.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fme/EN/10.1007/s11465-017-0409-2
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fme/EN/Y2017/V12/I2/234

Fig.1 Highlights in the discovery of the lamina splendens from its initial discovery in 1951 to the confirmation of its oriented collagenous structure in 1990

Fig.2 Illustration of the structure of the major zones and features of articular cartilage

Fig.4 Images of the lamina splendens with higher resolution. (a) Micrographs of the superficial layer; (b) the osteochondal junction. Reprinted from Ref. [19] with permission from Elsevier

Fig.5 SEM image of a surface layer separating from the superficial zone cartilage (480×). Reproduced from Ref. [28] with permission from BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.

Fig.6 SEM image showing the partially degraded lamina splendens as an anatomically distinct layer (330×). Reproduced from Ref. [16] with permission and copyright © of the British Editorial Society of Bone and Joint Surgery

Tab.1 Summary of imaging techniques and their applications

Fig.7 Basic function of a light microscope

Fig.8 Basic set-up of a TEM

Fig.9 Basic SEM set-up

Fig.10 Functional set-up of AFM with key components labeled

Fig.11 SEM image showing thick collagen bundles anchored into the underlying proteoglycan layer. Reproduced from Ref. [28] with permission from BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.

Fig.12 NLOM images showing disease-related degradation of the collagen structure. (a) Healthy cartilage; (b) early fibrillary degeneration; (c) cartilage of a joint at the advanced stage of degenerative joint disease. Reprinted from Ref. [47] with permission from OARSI

Fig.13 Environmental SEM measurements at 3 kV and 0.8 torr of the surface of human femur cartilage (a) before and (b) after washing with PBS; (c) image of a section through the cartilage parallel to surface; (d) surface of the sample shown in (a) after drying in the ESEM chamber. Reproduced from Ref. [51] with permission from Springer

Fig.14 SEM image showing deposited synovial fluid constituents on the surface of articular cartilage. Reproduced from Ref. [28] with permission from BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.

Fig.15 Model of the HA-LUB adaptation mechanism [63]. (a) Uncompressed; (b) compressed

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