Preparation and characterization of phosphate-modified mesoporous TiO<sub>2</sub> incorporated in a silica matrix and their photocatalytic properties in the photodegradation of Congo red

doi:10.1007/s11706-017-0389-5

Front. Mater. Sci.

2017, Vol. 11

Issue (3) : 250-261 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11706-017-0389-5

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Preparation and characterization of phosphate-modified mesoporous TiO₂ incorporated in a silica matrix and their photocatalytic properties in the photodegradation of Congo red

Alberto ESTRELLA GONZÁLEZ(

), Maximiliano ASOMOZA, Ulises ARELLANO, Sandra CIPAGAUTA DíAZ, Silvia SOLÍS

Department of Chemistry, Metropolitan Autonomous University-Iztapalapa, P.O. Box 55-532, C.P. 09340, México City, México

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Abstract

This study describes the development of mesostructured TiO₂ photocatalysts modified with PO₄³⁻ to improve its specific surface area and reduce the recombination rate of the electron?hole pairs. The mesoporous photocatalyst was successfully incorporated into a high specific surface area silica matrix by the hydrolysis reaction of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). Pluronic 123 and phosphoric acid were used as the directing agent for the structure of the mesoporous TiO₂ and as a source of phosphorus, respectively. TiO₂, P/TiO₂, TiO₂?SiO₂ and P/TiO₂?SiO₂ materials were characterized by BET, XRD, TEM-EDS, FTIR and UV-vis DRS measurements. The photoactivity of TiO₂?SiO₂ nanocomposites containing 15 wt.% photocatalyst/silica was evaluated in the degradation reaction of anionic dyes with UV radiation. The proposed nanomaterials showed high potential for applications in the remediation of wastewater, being able to reuse in several cycles of reaction, maintaining its photoactivity and stability. The separation and recovery time of the material is reduced between cycles since no centrifugation or filtration processes are required after the photooxidation reaction.

Keywords photocatalysis phosphated TiO₂ TiO₂?SiO₂ Congo red dye

Corresponding Author(s): Alberto ESTRELLA GONZÁLEZ

Online First Date: 25 July 2017 Issue Date: 24 August 2017

Cite this article:

Alberto ESTRELLA GONZÁLEZ,Maximiliano ASOMOZA,Ulises ARELLANO, et al. Preparation and characterization of phosphate-modified mesoporous TiO₂ incorporated in a silica matrix and their photocatalytic properties in the photodegradation of Congo red[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2017, 11(3): 250-261.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/10.1007/s11706-017-0389-5
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/Y2017/V11/I3/250

Fig.1 (a) XRD patterns of TiO₂, P/TiO₂, P/TiO₂–SiO₂ and TiO₂–SiO₂ samples. (b) Low-angle XRD patterns of TiO₂ and P/TiO₂ samples.

Fig.2 EDX spectra of (a) P/TiO₂ and (b) P/TiO₂–SiO₂ samples.

Fig.3 N₂ adsorption–desorption isotherms of TiO₂, P/TiO₂, TiO₂–SiO₂ and P/TiO₂–SiO₂ materials.

Tab.1 The textural parameters of samples

Fig.4 (a) Diffuse reflectance spectra and (b) modified Kubelka–Munk spectra of the TiO₂, P/TiO₂, TiO₂–SiO₂ and P/TiO₂–SiO₂ materials.

Fig.5 FTIR results of TiO₂, P/TiO₂, TiO₂–SiO₂ and P/TiO₂–SiO₂ materials.

Fig.6 (a)(b)(c) TEM images and (d) HRTEM image of the sample TiO₂/SiO₂.

Fig.7 (a) TEM image and (b)(c)(d) elemental mapping of the TiO₂–SiO₂ material.

Fig.8 Percentages of degradation of aqueous CR dye with materials.

Fig.9 UV spectra of aqueous CR dye degradation with the P/TiO₂–SiO₂ photocatalyst.

Fig.10 The residual TOC in the photodegradation of aqueous CR dye with the P/TiO₂–SiO₂ material after 4 h.

Fig.11 Plots of the pseudo-firsts order kinetics of CR photodegradation.

Fig.12 Photocatalytic behavior of characteristic peaks of CR during the irradiation time with UV light.

Fig.13 Schematic illustration of the proposed mechanism for photodegradation of CR dyes by the electron–hole model.

Fig.14 Recycling and photocatalytic stability studies with the P/TiO₂–SiO₂ material for five cycles under the same experimental conditions.

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