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Frontiers of Materials Science

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Front. Mater. Sci.    2021, Vol. 15 Issue (4) : 589-600    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11706-021-0581-5
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Microwave hydrothermal synthesis of WO3(H2O)0.333/CdS nanocomposites for efficient visible-light photocatalytic hydrogen evolution
Tingting MA, Zhen LI, Wen LIU, Jiaxu CHEN, Moucui WU, Zhenghua WANG()
Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
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Abstract

WO3(H2O)0.333/CdS (WS) nanocomposites are obtained via a rapid microwave hydrothermal method, and they are served as visible light-driven photocatalysts for the H2 generation. By using Pt as the cocatalyst, the WS nanocomposite with 70 wt.% CdS reaches the H2 evolution rate of 10.32 mmol·g−1·h−1, much quicker than those of WO3(H2O)0.333 and CdS. The cycling test reveals the good photocatalytic stability of the WS nanocomposite. The carrier transfer mechanism of WS nanocomposites can be explained by the Z-scheme mechanism. The existence of the Z-scheme heterojunction greatly helps to separate photogenerated carriers and thus improves the photocatalytic activity. The present work provides a rapid synthesis method for preparing Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts, and may be helpful for the green production of hydrogen.
Keywords nanocomposite      semiconductor      photocatalysis      hydrogen evolution     
Corresponding Author(s): Zhenghua WANG   
Online First Date: 07 December 2021    Issue Date: 28 December 2021
 Cite this article:   
Tingting MA,Zhen LI,Wen LIU, et al. Microwave hydrothermal synthesis of WO3(H2O)0.333/CdS nanocomposites for efficient visible-light photocatalytic hydrogen evolution[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2021, 15(4): 589-600.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/10.1007/s11706-021-0581-5
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/Y2021/V15/I4/589
Sample w(WO3(H2O)0.333)/g w(CdCl2·2.5H2O)/g w(S)/g Content(CdS)/%
WS-1 0.05 0.3161 0.0444 80
WS-2 0.05 0.1844 0.0259 70
WS-3 0.05 0.1185 0.0166 60
Tab.1  The amounts of raw materials for preparing the WS nanocomposites
Fig.1  XRD patterns of CdS, WO3(H2O)0.333 and the WS-2 nanocomposite.
Fig.2  (a)(d)(g) SEM images, (b)(e)(h) TEM images and (c)(f)(i) EDS patterns of CdS (top), WO3(H2O)0.333 (middle), and the WS-2 nanocomposite (bottom). Insets in panels (b), (e) and (h) show corresponding HRTEM images.
Fig.3  FT-IR spectra of CdS, WO3(H2O)0.333 and the WS-2 nanocomposite.
Fig.4  XPS spectra: (a) Cd 3d and (b) S 2p in CdS and WS-2; (c) W 4f and (d) O 1s in WO3(H2O)0.333 and WS-2.
Fig.5  (a) UV-vis DRS results of CdS, WO3(H2O)0.333 and the WS-2 nanocomposite. (b) Plots of (αhν)2 versus energy (hν) for CdS and WO3(H2O)0.333.
Fig.6  (a) N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms and (b) BET surface areas of CdS, WO3(H2O)0.333 and WS nanocomposites.
Fig.7  (a) Photocatalytic H2 production rates of the photocatalysts. (b) Cycling tests of the WS-2 nanocomposite and CdS.
Fig.8  (a) Photocurrent density–time curves and (b) Nyquist plots of CdS, WO3(H2O)0.333 and the WS-2 nanocomposite.
Fig.9  Optimized models and electrostatic potentials of (a) CdS (0 0 1) facet and (b) WO3(H2O)0.333 (1 1 0) facet. (c) Band structures of CdS and WO3(H2O)0.333 before and after contact. (d) The photocatalysis mechanism of the WS-2 nanocomposite.
  Fig. S1 XRD patterns of WS-1, WS-2 and WS-3.
  Fig. S2 SEM (upper) and TEM (lower) images of (a)(d) WS-1, (b)(e) WS-2, and (c)(f) WS-3.
  Fig. S3(a) XPS survey spectra of CdS, WO3(H2O)0.333 and the WS-2 nanocomposite. (b) XPS spectra of N 1s in CdS and WS-2.
  Fig. S4 Photocatalytic H2 production rates of photocatalysts without the Pt cocatalyst.
  Fig. S5 XRD patterns of WS-2 before and after the cycling test.
Catalyst Co-catalyst Light source Sacrificial agent H2 production rate/(mmol·g−1·h−1) Ref.
CdS/Ti3C2 − 300 W Xe lamp, λ≥420 nm lactic acid 2.407 [S1]
Mo2C/CdS – Xe lamp, λ≥420 nm lactic acid 7.7 [S2]
CdS/Co9S8 – 300 W Xe lamp, λ≥420 nm lactic acid 11.60 [S3]
CdS/g-C3N4 1 wt.% Pt 300 W Xe lamp, λ≥420 nm lactic acid 2.323 [S4]
CdS/g-C3N4 5 wt.% Pd 300 W Xe lamp, λ≥420 nm Na2SO3 + Na2S 0.293 [S5]
ZnO/CdS – 350 W Xe lamp Na2SO3 + Na2S 4.134 [S6]
N-TiO2/CdS 3 wt.% Pt 300 W Xe lamp, λ≥420 nm Na2SO3 + Na2S 4.472 [S7]
CdS/N-NaNbO3 2 wt.% Pt 300 W Xe lamp, λ≥420 nm Na2SO3 + Na2S 9.211 [S8]
CdS 0.6 wt.% Pt 300 W Xe lamp, λ≥420 nm Na2SO3 + Na2S 4.45 this work
WO3(H2O)0.333/CdS 0.6 wt.% Pt 300 W Xe lamp, λ≥420 nm Na2SO3 + Na2S 10.32 this work
  Table S1 Comparison of the H2 production rates catalyzed by photocatalysts in the literature and in this work
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