A new form of liquid matter: Quantum droplets

doi:10.1007/s11467-020-1020-2

Front. Phys.

2021, Vol. 16

Issue (3) : 32201 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-020-1020-2

REVIEW ARTICLE

A new form of liquid matter: Quantum droplets

Zhi-Huan Luo¹, Wei Pang², Bin Liu³, Yong-Yao Li³(

), Boris A. Malomed^4,⁵

¹. Department of Applied Physics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
². Department of Experiment Teaching, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
³. School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
⁴. Department of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, and Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
⁵. Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Casilla 7D, Arica, Chile

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Abstract

This brief review summarizes recent theoretical and experimental results which predict and establish the existence of quantum droplets (QDs), i.e., robust two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) selftrapped states in Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs), which are stabilized by effective self-repulsion induced by quantum fluctuations around the mean-field (MF) states [alias the Lee–Huang–Yang (LHY) effect]. The basic models are presented, taking special care of the dimension crossover, 2D→3D. Recently reported experimental results, which exhibit stable 3D and quasi-2D QDs in binary BECs, with the inter-component attraction slightly exceeding the MF self-repulsion in each component, and in single-component condensates of atoms carrying permanent magnetic moments, are presented in some detail. The summary of theoretical results is focused, chiefly, on 3D and quasi-2D QDs with embedded vorticity, as the possibility to stabilize such states is a remarkable prediction. Stable vortex states are presented both for QDs in free space, and for singular but physically relevant 2D modes pulled to the center by the inverse-square potential, with the quantum collapse suppressed by the LHY effect.

Keywords quantum droplet Bose–Einstein condensate Lee–Huang–Yang correction votex state

Corresponding Author(s): Yong-Yao Li

Just Accepted Date: 20 October 2020 Issue Date: 25 November 2020

Cite this article:

Zhi-Huan Luo,Wei Pang,Bin Liu, et al. A new form of liquid matter: Quantum droplets[J]. Front. Phys. , 2021, 16(3): 32201.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fop/EN/10.1007/s11467-020-1020-2
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fop/EN/Y2021/V16/I3/32201

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