Detecting nanoparticles by “listening”

doi:10.1007/s11467-023-1287-1

Front. Phys.

2023, Vol. 18

Issue (5) : 53602 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-023-1287-1

TOPICAL REVIEW

Detecting nanoparticles by “listening”

Haonan Chang^1,², Jun Zhang^1,²(

)

¹. State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
². Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

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Abstract

In the macroscopic world, we can obtain some important information through the vibration of objects, that is, listening to the sound. Likewise, we can also get some information of the nanoparticles that we want to know by the means of “listening” in the microscopic world. In this review, we will introduce two sensing methods (cavity optomechanical sensing and surface-enhanced Raman scattering sensing) which can be used to detect the nanoparticles. The cavity optomechanical systems are mainly used to detect sub-gigahertz nano particle or cavity vibrations, while surface-enhanced Raman scattering is a well-known technique to detect molecular vibrations whose frequency generally exceeds terahertz. Therefore, the vibrational information of nanoparticles from low-frequency to high-frequency could be obtained by these two methods. The size of the viruses is at the nanoscale and we can regard it as a kind of nanoparticles. Rapid and ultrasensitive detection of the viruses is the key strategies to break the spread of the viruses in the community. Cavity optomechanical sensing enables rapid, ultrasensitive detection of nanoparticles through the interaction of light and mechanical oscillators and surface-enhanced Raman scattering is an attractive qualitatively analytical technique for chemical sensing and biomedical applications, which has been used to detect the SARS-CoV-2 infected. Hence, investigation in these two fields is of vital importance in preventing the spread of the virus from affecting human’s life and health.

Keywords ultrasensitive sensing cavity optomechanics surface-enhanced Raman scattering

Corresponding Author(s): Jun Zhang

About author:

*These authors equally shared correspondence to this manuscript.

Issue Date: 28 April 2023

Cite this article:

Haonan Chang,Jun Zhang. Detecting nanoparticles by “listening”[J]. Front. Phys. , 2023, 18(5): 53602.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fop/EN/10.1007/s11467-023-1287-1
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fop/EN/Y2023/V18/I5/53602

Fig.1 (a) Schematic diagram of the cavity optomechanical coupling mechanism based on radiation pressure. (b) Whispering-gallery-mode microcavity-based optomechanics.

Fig.2 Various cavity optomechanical coupling platforms. (a) The principle of the passive optomechanical coupling platforms. The passive optomechanical coupling elements consisting of micro-cantilevers (b) (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [29], Copyright ? 2020 Nature) and microcavities (c) (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [41], Copyright ? 2009 IEEE). (d) The principle of the electrical modulated optomechanical coupling platforms. (e, f) The electrical modulated optomechanical coupling platforms. (e) Reproduced with permission from Ref. [37], Copyright ? 2017 The Optical Society of America. (f) Reproduced with permission from Ref. [36], Copyright ? 2020 Nature.

Fig.3 Weigh a single nanoparticle by multimode optomechanical system. (a) Multimode optomechanical system. (b) SEM image of the 157 nm diameter nanoparticle. (c) Demodulated output signal phase at the resonance frequencies of the RBM1 (red) and RBM2 (green) during the landing of a cluster of three latex nanoparticles. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [8], Copyright ? 2022 American Chemical Society.

Fig.4 Nonlinear cavity optomechanical systems for optomechanical mass sensing. (a) Schematic diagram of a quadratically coupled optomechanical system. A degenerate parametric amplifier (DPA) is embedded into a membrane-in-the-middle cavity driven by a strong control field

ω d

and a weak probe pulse

ω p

. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [24], Copyright ? 2019 American Physical Society. (b) A quadratically coupled optomechanical platform in an experiment. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [55], Copyright ? 2010 Nature. (c) The steady-state solution of

G X 0

versus the added mass

δ m

for different control field intensities

P d

= 50 μW, 80 μW, and 150 μW. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [24], Copyright ? 2019 American Physical Society. (d) The eigenenergy of a membrane versus the added mass

δ m

for different control field intensities

P d

= 50 μW, 80 μW, and 150 μW. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [24], Copyright ? 2019 American Physical Society.

Fig.5 Experimentally detect the vibration modes of a single bacterium via an optomechanical microcavity. (a) Experimental setup. (b) Frequency of the radial breathing mode of an optomechanical disk (blue region) and of the fundamental mode of quasi-spherical biological particles adsorbed on a rigid support (red region) as a function of the disk and bioparticle radii, respectively. (c) The left panel: Color-intensity map of the amplitude of the fluctuations of the sensor as a function of the dimensionless frequency and the ratio of the radial breathing mode eigenfrequency to the fundamental eigenfrequency of the particle (Λ). The right panel: Cross-sections of the regions in the left panel for Λ = 0, 0.5, 0.9, 1, 1.1, 1.5 and 20. The gray and purple vertical dashed lines represent the corresponding the values of Λ at the boundaries of the inertial region. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [70] and Ref. [10], Copyright ? 2020 Nature.

Fig.6 Schematic diagram of the principle of detecting nanoparticles based on the whispering-gallery cavity optomechanical devices. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [5], Copyright ? 2016 Nature.

Fig.7 Schematic diagram of Raman scattering process. The left panel is Stokes scattering process and the right panel is anti-Stokes scattering process. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [80], Copyright ? 2008 Royal Society of Chemistry.

Fig.8 Schematic diagram of Raman and SERS processes. The intensity of SES is enhanced by the existence of the plasmon polariton. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [84], Copyright ? 2014 Elsevier.

Fig.9 Feedback diagram of dynamical backaction in the SERS process in the theoretical framework of cavity optomechanics. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [89], Copyright ? 2015 Nature.

Fig.10 Schematic diagrams of SERS-active nanomaterials in various dimensions: (a) 0 dimension, (b) 1 dimension, (c) 2 dimensions, (d) 3 dimensions. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [110], Copyright ? 2020 American Chemical Society.

Fig.11 SERS-based strategy to identify COVID-positive individuals using their breath volatile organic compounds. (a) Custom SERS Breathalyzer. (b) (i) Ion?dipole interactions between MBA-aldehydes and H-bonding with hydroxyl-containing compounds. (ii) 521 cm^?1 SERS peak of MBA for blanks, COVID positive and negative breath samples. (c) (i) Deprotonated and protonated MPY forming hydrogen bonds with aldehydes and hydroxyl-containing compounds. (ii) MPY I₁₆₁₇/I₁₅₈₆ SERS peak intensity ratio for blanks, COVID positive and negative breath samples. (d) (i) Increased laser-induced ATP dimerization to DMAB in the presence of breath metabolites that serve as hot electron acceptors. (ii) ATP SERS spectral region at 1030?1600 cm^?1 for blanks, COVID positive and negative breath samples. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [9], Copyright ? 2022 American Chemical Society.

Fig.12 The detection scheme. SERS signals collected from samples consist of different types of respiratory and nonrespiratory viruses placed on a nano manufactured 2D array of field-enhancing metal?insulator antenna (FEMIA) on a flexible elastomer substrate. Principal component analysis (PCA) and random forest classification were applied on the SERS spectra, which allow us to distinguish and identify different viral samples. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [119], Copyright ? 2022 American Chemical Society.

Fig.13 Potential platforms combining cavity optomechanical sensing with SERS. (a) Photonic crystal nanobeam cavity with a plasmonic bowtie antenna. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [130], Copyright ? American Institute of Physics 2017. (b) ZnO/graphene/Ag-NP hybrid whispering-gallery microcavity. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [129], Copyright ? Royal Society of Chemistry 2019. (c) Solid Au core/SiO₂ shell nanostructure inside a single hollow nanocavity. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [135], Copyright ? Elsevier 2022.

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