|
|
|
Behavior of materials for earth and rockfill
dams: Perspective from unsaturated soil mechanics |
| Eduardo E. ALONSO1,Rafaela CARDOSO2, |
| 1.Universidad Politécnica
de Catalu?a, Barcelona, Spain; 2.Instituto Superior Técnico,
Lisbon, Portugal; |
|
|
|
|
Abstract The basis of the design of earth and rockfill dams is focused on ensuring the stability of the structure under a set of conditions expected to occur during its life. Combined mechanical and hydraulic conditions must be considered since pore pressures develop during construction, after impoundment and in drawdown. Other instability phenomena caused by transient flow and internal erosion must be considered. The prediction of the hydro-mechanical behavior of traditional and non-traditional materials used in the construction of dams is therefore fundamental. The materials used for dam’s construction cover a wide range from clayey materials to rockfill. In a broad sense they are compacted materials and therefore unsaturated materials. A summary of the current level of knowledge on the behavior of traditional materials used in the construction of dams is presented in the paper. Regular compacted materials (with a significant clay fraction), rockfill and compacted soft rocks are studied with more detail. The latter are non-traditional materials. They are analysed because their use, as well as the use of mixtures of soil and rock, is becoming more necessary for sustainability reasons.
|
| Keywords
dams
unsaturated soil mechanics
suction
rockfill
clayey soil
mixture
|
|
Issue Date: 05 March 2010
|
|
|
Olivella S, Gens A, Carrera J, Alonso E E. Numerical formulation for simulator (CODE_BRIGHT) for coupled analysisof saline media. Engineering Computations, 1996, 13(7): 87–112
|
|
UPC-DLT (2002). CODE_BRIGHT- User’s Guide. Departamento deIngenieríadel Terreno, E.T.S. Ingenieros de Caminos,Canales y Puertosde Barcelona, Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña,Spain
|
|
Alonso E E, Pinyol N M. Unsaturated soil mechanicsin earth and rockfill dam engineering. In: Toll D G, Augarde C E, Gallipoli D, Wheeler S J, eds. Proceedings of the 1st Europe Conference, E-UNSAT 2008, Durham, UnitedKindom. London: Taylor and Francis, 2008, 3–32
|
|
Alonso E E, Rojas E, Pinyol N M. Unsaturated soil mechanics. In: Proceedings of XXIV Reunión Nacional de Mecánica deSuelos, Mexico. 2008
|
|
Maranha das Neves E, Cardoso R. Structural Behavior of embakmentsbuilt with unsaturated materials – Application to the embankmentsfrom A10 Motorway, Arruda dos Vinhos / Carregado. Study for BRISA. Department of Civil Engineering, Institute forStructures and Construction, Report ICIST EP 13/08. Instituto SuperiorTécnico, 2008
|
|
Ng C W W, Pang Y W. Influence of stress stateon soilwater characteristic and slope stability. Journal of Geotechnical And Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, 2000, 126(2): 157–166
|
|
Hoffman C, Tarantino A. Effect of grain size distributionon water retention Behavior of well graded coarse material In: Toll D G, Augarde C E, Gallipoli D, Wheeler S J, eds. Proceedings of the 1st Europe Conference, E-UNSAT 2008, Durham, UnitedKindom. London: Taylor and Francis, 2008, 291–288
|
|
Bardanis M E, Kavvadas M J. Modifying the Barcelona BasicModel to account for the residual void ratio and subsequent decreaseof shear strength relative to suction. In: Toll D G, Augarde C E, Gallipoli D, Wheeler S J, eds. Proceedings of the 1st Europe Conference,E-UNSAT 2008, Durham, United Kindom. London: Taylor and Francis, 2008, 589–595
|
|
Zhou J. Astudy of applied pressure on the Soil Water Characteristic Curve. In: Toll D G, Augarde C E, Gallipoli D, Wheeler S J, eds. Proceedings of the 1st Europe Conference, E-UNSAT 2008, Durham, UnitedKindom. London: Taylor and Francis, 2008, 689–693
|
|
Delage P. Experimentalunsaturated soils mechanics. In: Juca J F T, De Campos T M P, Marino F A M, eds. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Unsaturated Soils,Recife, Brazil. Rotterdam: Balkema, 2002, 3: 973–998
|
|
Romero E, Vaunat J. Retention curves of deformableclays. In: Tarantino A, Macuso C, eds. Experimental Evidence and Theoretical Approaches in Unsaturated Soils,Trento, Italy. Rotterdam: Balkema, 2000, 91–106
|
|
Rampino C, Mancuso C, Vinale F. Laboratory testing on an unsaturated soil: equipment,procedures and first experimental results. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 1999, 36(1): 1–12
|
|
Vanapalli S K, Fredlund D G, Pufahl D E. The influence of soil structure and stress history onthe soil-water characteristics of a compacted till. Géotechnique, 1999, 49(2): 143–159
|
|
Ng C W W, Pang Y W. Experimental investigationof soil-water characteristics of a volcanic soil. Canadian Geotechnical Journal , 2000, 37(6): 1252–1264
|
|
Romero E. Characterizationand thermo-hydro-mechanical Behavior of unsaturated boom clay. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Barcelona, Spain: Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 1999
|
|
Sun D A, Sheng D, Cui H B, Sloan S W. A density-dependentelastoplastic hydro-mechanical model for unsaturated compacted soils. International Journal for Numerical AnalyticalMethod in Geomechanics, 2007, 31(11): 1257–1279
|
|
Huang S, Barbour S L, Fredlund D G. Development and verification of a coefficient of permeabilityfunction for a deformable unsaturated soil. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 1998, 35(3): 411–425
|
|
Wheeler S J. Inclusion of specific water volume within an elasto-plastic modelfor unsaturated soil. Canadian GeotechnicalJournal, 1996, 33(8): 42–57
|
|
Rampino C, Mancuso C, Vinale F. Experimental Behavior and modelling of an unsaturatedcompacted soil. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 2000, 37(4): 748–763
|
|
Barrera M. Estudioexperimental del comportamiento hidromecánico de suelos colapsables. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Barcelona, Spain: Universidad Politécnica de Catalunya, 2002
|
|
Sharma R S. Mechanical Behavior of unsaturated highly expansive clays. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Oxford, UK: University of Oxford, 1998
|
|
Sivakumar V. Acritical state framework for unsaturated soil. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Sheffield, UK: University of Sheffield, 1993
|
|
Kawai K, Kato S, Karube D. The model for water retention curve considering effectsof void ratio. In: Rahardjo H, Toll D G, Leong E C, eds. Proceedings ofthe 1st Asian Conference on Unsaturated Soils, Singapore. Rotterdam: Balkema, 2000, 329–334
|
|
Gallipoli D, Gens A, Sharma R, Vaunat J. Anelastoplastic model for unsaturated soil incoporating the effectsof suction and degree of saturation on mechanical Behavior. Géotechnique, 2003, 53(1): 123–135
|
|
Nitao J J, Bear J. Potentials and their rolein transport in porous media. Water ResourcesResearch , 1996, 32(2): 255–250
|
|
Buisson M S R, Wheller S J. Inclusion of hydraulic hysteresisin a new elasto-plastic framework for unsaturated soils. In: Tarantino A, Macuso C, eds. Experimental Evidence and Theoretical Approaches in Unsaturated Soils,Trento, Italy. Rotterdam: Balkema, 2000, 109–119
|
|
Topp G C. Soil water hysteresis in silt loam and clay loam soils. Water Resources, 1971, 7(4): 914–920
|
|
Gili J A, Alonso E E. Microstructural deformationmechanisms of unsaturated granular soils. International Journal for Numerical Analytical Method in Geomechanics, 2002, 26(5) 433–468
|
|
Skempton A W. Terzaghi’s discovery of effective stress. In: Terzaghi K, ed. From Theory toPractice in Soil Mechanics. NewYork: John Wiley, 1960
|
|
Lade P V, De Boer R. The concept of effectivestress for soil, concrete and rock. Géotechnique, 1997, 47(1): 61–78
|
|
Jennings J E B. Discussion on M.S. Youssef’s paper, In: Proceedings of the4th International Conference on Soil Mechanics, ISSMFE. 1957, 3: 168
|
|
Croney D, Coleman J D, Black W P M. Movement and distribution of water in soil in relationto highway design and performance. HighwayResearch Board, Spec. Report No. 40, 1958
|
|
Bishop A W. The principle of effective stress. TeckniskUkeblad, 1959, 106(39): 859–863
|
|
Aitchison G D. Relationships of moisture stress functions in unsaturated soils. In: Conference Pore Pressures, Institution of CivilEngineering. London: Buttherworths, 1960
|
|
Jennings J E B, Burland J B. Limitations to the use ofeffective stress in partly saturated soils. Géotechnique, 1962, 12(2): 125–144
|
|
Burland J B. Some aspects of the mechanical behavior of partly saturated soils. In: Aitchison G D, ed. Proceedings of the Conference on Moisture Equilibria and Moisturechanges in the Soils Beneath Covered Areas, Australia. London: Butterworths, 1965, 270–278
|
|
Fredlund D G, Morgenstern N R. Stress state variables forunsaturated soils. Journal of GeotechnicalEngineering Division, ASCE, 1977, 103 (GT5): 447–466
|
|
Alonso E E, Gens A, Josa A. A constitutive model for partially saturated soils. Géotechnique, 1990, 40(3): 405–430
|
|
Gens A, Alonso E E. A framework for the Behaviorof unsaturated expansive clays. CanadianGeotechnical Journal, 1992, 29: 1013–1032
doi: 10.1139/t92-120
|
|
Li X S. Thermodynamics-based constitutive framework for unsaturated soils.2: A basic triaxial model. Géotechnique, 2007, 57(5): 423–435
|
|
Tamagnini R. Anextended Cam-clay model for unsaturated soils with hydraulic hysteresis. Geotechnique, 2004, 54(3): 223–228
|
|
Öberg A-L, Sällfors G. A rational approach to thedetermination of the shear strength parameters of unsaturated soils. In: Alonso E, Delage P, eds. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Unsaturated Soils,Paris, France. Rotterdam: Balkema, 1995, 1: 151–158
|
|
Garven E A, Vanapalli S K. Evaluation of empirical proceduresfor predicting the shear strength of unsaturated soils.In: Proceedings of the 5th International Congresson Unsaturated Soil Mechanics. Arizona, USA: ASCE, 2006
|
|
Houlsby G. Thework input to an unsaturated granular material. Géotechnique, 1997, 47(1): 193–196
|
|
Gray W G, Schrefler B A. Thermodynamics approach toeffective stress in partially saturated porous media. European Journal of Mechanics-A/Solids, 2001, 20(4): 521–538
doi: 10.1016/S0997-7538(01)01158-5
|
|
Laloui L, Klubertanz G, Vulliet L. Solid-liquid-air coupling in multiphase porous media. International Journal for Numerical and AnalyticalMethods in Geomechanics, 2003, 27(3): 183–206
doi: 10.1002/nag.269
|
|
Li X S. Effective stress in unsaturated soil: a microstructural analysis. Géotechnique, 2003, 53(2): 273–277
|
|
Coussy O. Poromechanics. Oxford, England: John Wiley & Sons, 2004
|
|
Alonso E E, Pereira J-M, Vaunat J, Olivella S. Amicrostructurally-based effective stress for unsaturated soils. Géotechnique, 2009, 59 (in print)
|
|
Rojas E. Anequivalent stress equation for unsaturated soils. Part 1: The equivalent stress equation. International Journal ofGeomechanics, ASCE, 2008 (in press)
doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1532-3641(2008)8:5(285)
|
|
Haines W B. Studies in the physical properties of soils. II. A note on the cohesiondeveloped by capillary forces in an ideal soil. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 1925, 15: 529–535
doi: 10.1017/S0021859600082460
|
|
Murray E J. An equation of state for unsaturated soils. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 2002, 39(1): 125–140
doi: 10.1139/t01-087
|
|
Desai C S, Wang Z. Disturbed state model forporous saturated materials. InternationalJournal of Geomechanics, ASCE, 2003, 3(2): 260–265
doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1532-3641(2003)3:2(260)
|
|
Bishop A W, Alpan I, Blight G E, Donald I B. Factors controlling the strength of partly saturated cohesive soils. In: Conference on Stength of Cohesive Soils, Boulder,Colorado, USA. Arizona: ASCE, 1960, 503–532
|
|
Escario V, Saez J. The shear strength of partiallysaturated soils. Géotechnique, 1986, 36(3): 453–456
|
|
Gan J K M, Fredlund D G. Multistage direct shear testingof unsaturated soils. Geotechnical TestingJournal, 1988, 11(2): 132–138
doi: 10.1520/GTJ10959J
|
|
Toll D G. A framework for unsaturated soil Behavior. Géotechnique, 1990, 40(1): 31–44
|
|
Fredlund D G, Xing A, Fredlund M D, Barbour S L. The relationship of the unsaturated soil shear strength to the soilwater characteristic curve. Canadian GeotechnicalJournal, 1995, 33: 440–448
doi: 10.1139/t96-065
|
|
Miao L, Yin Z, Liu S. Empirical function representing the shear strength ofunsaturated soils. Geotechnical TestingJournal, 2001, 24(2): 220–223
doi: 10.1520/GTJ11342J
|
|
Toll D G, Ong B H. Critical-state parametersfor an unsaturated residual sandy clay. Géotechnique, 2003, 53(1): 93–103
|
|
Tarantino A, Tombolato S. Coupling of hydraulic andmechanical Behavior in unsaturated compacted clay. Géotechnique, 2005, 55(4):307–317
|
|
Vanapalli S K, Fredlund D G. Comparison of different proceduresto predict the shear strength of unsaturated soils uses the soil-watercharacteristic curve. Geo-Denver 2000,American Society of Civil Engineers, Special Publication, 2000, 99: 195–209
|
|
Vaunat J, Romero E, Marchi C, Jommi C. In: Juca J F T, De Campos T M P, Marino F A M, eds. Proceedingsof the 3rd International Conference on Unsaturated Soils, Recife,Brazil. Rotterdam: Balkema, 2002, 245–251
|
|
Tarantino A. Apossible critical state framework for unsaturated compacted soils. Géotechnique, 2007, 57(4): 385–389
|
|
Han K K, Rahardjo H, Broms B B. Effect of hysteresis on the shear stength of a residualsoil. In: Alonso E, Delage P, eds. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Unsaturated Soils,Paris, France. Rotterdam: Balkema,1995, 499–504
|
|
Boso M. Shearstrength Behavior of a reconstituted partially saturated clayey silt.Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Trento, Italy: Universitàdegli Studi di Trento, 2005
|
|
Romero E, Gens A, Lloret A. Water permeability, water retention curve and microstructureof unsaturated compacted Boom clay. EngineeringGeology, 1999, 54(1―2):117–127
|
|
Sridharan A, Altschaeffl A G, Diamond S. Pore size distributions studies. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, 1971, 97(5): 771–787
|
|
Fisher R A. On the capillary forces in an ideal soil; correction of formulaegiven by W.B. Haines. The Journal of AgriculturalScience, 1926, 16: 492–505
doi: 10.1017/S0021859600007838
|
|
Karube D, Kato S. An ideal unsaturated soiland the Bishop's soil. In: Proceedingsof the 13th International Conference on Soil. Mech. Found. Engng.New. Delhi. 1994, 1:43–46
|
|
Karube D, Kawai K. The role of pore water inthe mechanical behavior of unsaturated soils. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 2001, 19: 211–241
doi: 10.1023/A:1013188200053
|
|
Chateau X, Dormieux L. Micromechanics of. saturatedand unsaturated porous media. InternationalJournal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 2002, 26: 831–844
doi: 10.1002/nag.227
|
|
Molenkamp F, Nazemi A H. Interactions between tworough spheres, water bridge and water vapour. Géotechnique, 2003, 53(2): 255–264
|
|
Wheeler S J, Sharma R S, Buisson M S R. Coupling hydraulic hysteresis and stress-strain Behaviorin unsaturated soils. Géotechnique, 2003, 53(1): 41–54
|
|
Alonso E E. Exploring the limits of unsaturated soil mechanics: The behaviorof coarse granular soil and rockfill. The11th Buchanan Lecture. University of Texas A&M, 2003
|
|
Oldecop L A, Alonso E E. A model for rockfill compressibility. Géotechnique, 2001, 51(2): 127–140
|
|
Oldecop L A, Alonso E E. Theoretical investigationof the time-dependent Behavior of rockfill. Géotechnique, 2007, 57(3): 289–301
doi: 10.1680/geot.2007.57.3.289
|
|
Chávez C, Alonso E E. A constitutive model forcrushed granular aggregates which includes suction effects. Soils and Foundations, 2003, 43(4): 215–227
|
|
Suriol J, Gens A, Alonso E E. Behavior of compacted soils in suction-controlled oedometer. In: Technical committee of the 2nd Internationalconference on Unsaturated Soils, eds. The Proceedings of the 2nd InternationalConference on Unsaturated Soils, Beijing, China. Netherlands: Springer, 1998, 438–443
|
|
Alonso E E, Vaunat J. An appraisal of structurelevel interactions in expansive soils. In: Ribeiro e Sousa L, Fernandes M M, Vargas E Jr., Azevedo R, eds. Applications of Computational Mechanics inGeotechncial Engineering, Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop,Guimaraes, Portugal. Rotterdam: Balkema. 2001,17–30
|
|
Alonso E E. Modelling expansive soil Behavior. In: Technical committee of the 2nd International conference on UnsaturatedSoils, eds. The Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference onUnsaturated Soils, Beijing, China. Netherlands: Springer, 1998, 37–70
|
|
Alonso E E, Vaunat J, Gens A. Modelling the mechanical Behavior of expansive clays. Engineering Geology, 1999, 54: 173–183
doi: 10.1016/S0013-7952(99)00079-4
|
|
Gens A. Constitutivemodelling: application to compacted soils. I In: Alonso E, Delage P, eds. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Unsaturated Soils,Paris, France. Rotterdam: Balkema, 1995, 1179–1200
|
|
Jommi C. Remarkson the constitutive modelling of unsaturated soils. In: Tarantino A, Macuso C, eds. Experimental Evidence and Theoretical Approaches in Unsaturated Soils,Trento, Italy. Rotterdam: Blakema, 2000, 139–154
|
|
Gens A, Sánchez M, Sheng D. On constitutive modelling of unsaturated soils. Acta Geotechnica, 2006, 1:137–147
doi: 10.1007/s11440-006-0013-9
|
|
Alonso E E, Gens A, Hight D W. General Report: The behavior of partially saturated soils. In: Hanrahan E T, Orr T L L, Widdis T F, eds. Proceedings of the 9th European Conferenceon Soil Mechanics and Foundations Engineering, Dublin. London: Taylorand Francis, 1987, 1087–1146
|
|
Alonso E E, Josa A Y, Gens A. Modelling the behavior of compacted soils upon wetting,Raul J. Marsal Volume, Soil Mech. Soc.Of Mexico (SMMS), México. 1992
|
|
Sivakumar, V, Wheeler S J. Influence of compaction procedureon the mechanical Behavior of an unsaturated compacted clay. Part1: Wetting and isotropic compression. Géotechnique, 2000, 50(4): 359–368
doi: 10.1680/geot.2000.50.4.359
|
|
Wheeler S, Sivakumar V. An elasto-plastic criticalstate framework for unsaturated soils. Géotechnique, 1995, 45(1): 35–53
doi: 10.1680/geot.1995.45.1.35
|
|
Tarantino A, De Col E. Compaction Behavior of clay. Géotechnique, 2008, 58(3): 199–213
doi: 10.1680/geot.2008.58.3.199
|
|
Marsal R J, Arellano L R, Guzmán M A, Adame H. ElInfernillo: Behavior of dams built in Mexico. Instituto de Ingeniería, UNAM, Mexico, 1976
|
|
Naylor D J, Maranha das Neves E, Mattar D, Veiga Pinto A A, Jr. Prediction of construction performance of Beliche Dam. Géotechnique, 1986, 36(3): 359–376
doi: 10.1680/geot.1986.36.3.359
|
|
Naylor D J, Maranha das Neves E, Veiga Pinto A A. A back-analysis of BelicheDam. Géotechnique, 1997, 47(2): 221–233
doi: 10.1680/geot.1997.47.2.221
|
|
Soriano A, Sánchez FJ. Settlementsof railroad high embankments. In: Proceedingsof XII European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering,Netherlands. 1999
|
|
Justo J L, Durand P. Settlement-time Behaviorof granular embankments. InternationalJournal for Numerical Analytical Method in Geomechanics, 2000, 24(3): 281–303
doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9853(200003)24:3<281::AID-NAG66>3.0.CO;2-S
|
|
Leroueil S, Hight D W. Behavior and properties ofnatural soils and soft rocks. In:Hight D W, Leroueil S, Phoon K K, Tan T S, eds. Characterisation and Engineering Properties of Natural Soils, Proceedingsof the International Workshop, Singapore. Swets and Zeitlinger, 2003, 29–254
|
|
Marsal R J. Large scale testing of rockfill materials. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundation Division, ASCE, 1967, 93(2): 27–43
|
|
Charles J A, Watts K S. The influence of confiningpressure on the shear strength of compacted rockfill. Géotechnique, 1980, 4(3):353–398
doi: 10.1680/geot.1980.30.4.353
|
|
De Mello V F B. Seventh Rankine Lecture: Reflections on design decisions of practicalsignificance to embankment dams. Géotechnique, 1977, 27(3): 279–356
doi: 10.1680/geot.1977.27.3.281
|
|
Hardin B O. Crushing of soil particles. Journal ofGeotechnical Engineering, ASCE, 1985, 111(10): 1177–1192
doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1985)111:10(1177)
|
|
Fumagalli E. Testson cohesionless materials for rockfill dams. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE , 1969, 95(SM1): 313–330
|
|
Marachi N D, Chan C K, Seed H B, Duncan J M. Strength and deformation characteristics of rockfill materials. Department of Civil Engineering, Report No. TE-69-5,University of California, 1969
|
|
Sowers G F, Williams R C, Wallace T S. Compressibility of broken rock and settlement of rockfills. In: Proceedings of the 6th ICSMFE, 2, Montreal: 1965, 561–565
|
|
Terzaghi K. Discussionon salt springs and lower bear riverdams. Transactruns of ASCE, 1960, 125(2): 139–148
|
|
Veiga Pinto A A. Prediction of the structural Behavior of rockfill dams. Dissertation of the Doctoral Degree. Lisbon, Portugal: National Laboratory of Civil Engineering, Portugal, 1983
|
|
Fredlund D G, Rahardjo H. Soil Mechanics for UnsaturatedSoils. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1993
|
|
Cundall P A, Strack O D L. A discrete numerical modelfor granular assemblies. Géotechnique, 1979, 29(1):47–65
doi: 10.1680/geot.1979.29.1.47
|
|
Charles R J. Static fatigue of glass. Journal of AppliedPhysics, 1958, 29: 1549–1560
doi: 10.1063/1.1722991
|
|
Mesri G, Godlewski P M. Time and stress compressibilityinterrelationship. Journal of the GeotechnicalEngineering Division, 1977, 103(GT5): 417–430
|
|
McDowell G R. Micromechanics of creep of granular materials. Géotechnique, 2003, 53(10): 915–916
|
|
Chávez C. Estudiodel comportamiento triaxial de materiales granulares de tamañomedio; con énfasis en la influencia de la succión. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. España: Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña, 2004
|
|
Cardoso R. Hydro-mechanicalBehavior of compacted marls. Dissertationfor the Doctoral Degree. Lisbon: Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon TechnicalUniversity, 2009
|
|
Cardoso R, Alonso E E. Degradation of compactedmarls: a microstructural investigation. Soils and Foundations, 2009, 49(3): 315–327
|
|
Alonso E E, Alcoverro J. Swelling and degradationof argillaceous rocks. In: Juca J F T, De Campos T M P, Marino F A M, eds. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Unsaturated Soils,Recif, Brazil. Rotterdam: Balkema, 2002, 37–70
|
|
Pinyol N M, Alonso E E, Vaunat J. A constitutive model for soft clayey rocks that includesweathering effects. Géotechnique, 2007, 57(2): 137–151
doi: 10.1680/geot.2007.57.2.137
|
|
Burland J B. On the compressibility and shear strength of natural clays. Géotechnique, 1990, 40(3): 329–378
doi: 10.1680/geot.1990.40.3.329
|
|
Alonso E E, Gens A. On the mechanical Behaviorof arid soils. In: Fookes P G, Parry R H, eds. Engineering Characteristicsof Arid Soils, Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium, London. Rotterdam: Balkema, 1994, 173–206
|
|
van Genuchten M T. A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivityof unsaturated soils. Soil Science Societyof America Journal, 1980, 44(5): 892–898
|
|
Viewed |
|
|
|
Full text
|
|
|
|
|
Abstract
|
|
|
|
|
Cited |
|
|
|
|
| |
Shared |
|
|
|
|
| |
Discussed |
|
|
|
|
