Dynamic material performance of cold-formed steel hollow sections: a state-of-the-art review

doi:10.1007/s11709-017-0388-8

Front. Struct. Civ. Eng.

2017, Vol. 11

Issue (2) : 209-227 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-017-0388-8

REVIEW

Dynamic material performance of cold-formed steel hollow sections: a state-of-the-art review

Cameron B. RITCHIE¹, Jeffrey A. PACKER¹(

), Xiao-Ling ZHAO², Amin HEIDARPOUR², Yiyi CHEN³

¹. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
². Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
³. College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China

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Abstract

This paper presents a literature review focused on the material performance of cold-formed, carbon steel, hollow structural sections under impulsive (highly dynamic) loading. Impulsive loading, represented by impact and blast, is characterized by a very rapid, time-dependent loading regime in the affected members and materials. Thus, the effect of high-strain-rate loading is initially reviewed. Next the material toughness, an important energy-absorption property and one measure of a material’s ability to arrest fracture, is considered by means of studying the Charpy V-notch behavior. The response of hollow sections under axial and lateral impact loading is then reviewed. ??Studies of blast on hollow sections, most of which fall under the categories of contact/near-field loading or far-field loading are presented. Under large-scale field blast experiments, cold-formed hollow sections have shown excellent behavior. Software for modeling blast loading and structural response, the latter including single degree of freedom analysis and explicit finite element analysis, is described and discussed.

Keywords cold-formed steel hollow structural sections composites impulsive loading impact blast experimentation analysis material properties

Corresponding Author(s): Jeffrey A. PACKER

Online First Date: 19 April 2017 Issue Date: 19 May 2017

Cite this article:

Cameron B. RITCHIE,Jeffrey A. PACKER,Xiao-Ling ZHAO, et al. Dynamic material performance of cold-formed steel hollow sections: a state-of-the-art review[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2017, 11(2): 209-227.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fsce/EN/10.1007/s11709-017-0388-8
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fsce/EN/Y2017/V11/I2/209

Tab.1 DIF_y and DIF_u values for various structural steels under low pressure explosion, with strain rates in the order of 0.1 s⁻¹ (adapted from Ref. [])

Fig.1 DIF_y values at various strain rates for two ASTM plate steels (adapted from Ref. [])

Fig.2 Typical stress-strain curves for hot-finished steel and dynamic design stress (adapted from Ref. [])

steel types	strain rate $ε ˙$ (s⁻¹)	result	reference
ASTM A36, ASTM A441 Q–T plate	up to 1.4 × 10⁻³ (Tensile)	DIF_y as a function of $ε ˙$ for each steel type.	Rao et al. []
structural steel, reinforcing bars, deformed wires	Up to 10 (tensile)	DIF_y as a linear function of log( $ε ˙$ ) and the static yield stress	Soroushian and Choi []
sheet steel, cold-worked and high-strength	1.0 (tensile & compressive)	DIF_y as a quadratic function of log( $ε ˙$ ) for each steel grade	Kassar and Yu []
reinforcing bars	up to 225 (tensile)	DIF_y and DIF_u as exponential functions of $ε ˙$ and the static yield stress – adopted by S850-12 [7]	Malvar and Crawford []
reinforcing bars	up to 0.1 (tensile)	DIF_y and DIF_u empirical observations versus test temperature	Filiatrault and Holleran []
plate, W-sections	up to 2500 (tensile & compressive)	DIF_y as an exponential function of $ε ˙$	Luecke et al. []
cold-formed RHS (direct- and continuous-formed)	from 100 to 1000 (tensile & compressive)	DIF_y for RHS flats and corners as an exponential function of $ε ˙$	Sun and Packer []
cold-formed RHS	0.1 to 20	DIF_y and DIF_u for RHS flats and corners function of $ε ˙$	Ritchie et al. []

Tab.2 Experimental strain-rate studies on steel

Fig.3 DIF_y versus strain rate, considering very high strain rates

flexural, $ε ˙$ = 100 s⁻¹
RHS type	b₀/t	flat face	corner	average DIF_y of entire cross-section
RHS type	b₀/t	f_sy (MPa)	area (mm²)	average DIF_y of entire cross-section	DIF_y	f_sy (MPa)	area (mm²)	DIF_y
direct-formed	12	450	5228	1.28	650	1636	1.07	1.23
continuous-formed	12	420	4991	1.16	520	1692	1.07	1.14

Tab.3 DIF_y values for cold-formed RHS specimens under flexural loading (

ε ˙

= 100 s⁻¹)

Fig.4 Approximate relationship between the CVN energy-temperature curve and the fracture behavior of a steel component (adapted from Sedlacek et al. [])

Tab.4 Summary of the major sources in Feldmann et al. [] for CVN impact toughness for hollow sections

Fig.5 Effect of cold-forming on CVN impact energy (adapted from Sedlacek et al. [])

Fig.6 CVN toughness difference between flat and corner regions of RHS []

Fig.7 Cold-formed RHS (350 MPa yield grade) under large-deformation axial loading []

Fig.8 Basic collapse elements used for plastic mechanism analysis of RHS []. (a) Type I; (b) Type II

Fig.9 Typical numerical (FE) simulation of axial impact loading []

Tab.5 Research on hollow sections under lateral impact loading

Fig.10 Failure modes of CHS bollards after lateral impact loading []

Fig.11 CHS failure mechanism: (a) observed collapse mode; (b) schematic representation of collapse mode []

Fig.12 Three-tube system subjected to lateral impact loading

Tab.6 Research on blast behavior of tubular members

Fig.13 Global and local mid-span deformations for RHS 40×40×1.6 member subject to contact blast loading at various impulse levels []

Fig.14 Comparison of RHS deformations produced by near-field blast: (a) un-filled; (b) concrete-filled []

Fig.15 In-ground testing arrangement by Zhang et al. []. (a) schematic of test setup; (b) installed specimen

Fig.16 Blast parameter scaling chart []

A_c	area of core concrete
A_s	cross-sectional area of hollow section
b₀	outside width of RHS member
D	outside diameter of CHS
f_c	static strength of concrete in compression
f_ds	dynamic design stress for steel in tension, compression and bending
f_dy	predicted dynamic yield stress for steel
f_du	predicted dynamic ultimate strength for steel
f_dv	dynamic design stress in shear for steel
f_sy	static yield stress of steel
f_su	nominal ultimate strength of steel
t	wall thickness of hollow section
$ε ˙$	strain rate (s⁻¹)
ALE	arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian method
CHS	circular hollow section
CFD	computational fluid dynamics
CFRP	carbon fiber reinforced polymer
CFT	concrete-filled tube
CVN	Charpy V-notch
DIF_c	dynamic increase factor for concrete in compression
DIF_CFT	dynamic increase factor for concrete-filled tube
DIF_y	dynamic increase factor for steel yield stress
DIF_u	dynamic increase factor for steel ultimate stress
FE	finite element
RHS	rectangular or square hollow section
SDOF	single degree of freedom
SHPB	split Hopkinson pressure bar
YLM	yield line mechanism

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