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Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering

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Front. Struct. Civ. Eng.    2021, Vol. 15 Issue (1) : 1-19    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-021-0723-y
REVIEW
Review of recent developments in cement composites reinforced with fibers and nanomaterials
Jianzhuang XIAO1, Nv HAN1, Yan LI2(), Zhongsen ZHANG2, Surendra P. SHAH3
1. College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
2. School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
3. Center for Advanced Cement-Based Materials, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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Abstract

The quest for high-performance construction materials is led by the development and application of new reinforcement materials for cement composites. Concrete reinforcement with fibers has a long history. Nowadays, many new fibers associated with high performance and possessing eco-environmental characteristics, such as basalt fibers and plant fibers, have received much attention from researchers. In addition, nanomaterials are considered as a core material in the modification of cement composites, specifically in the enhancement of the strength and durability of composites. This paper provides an overview of the recent research progress on cement composites reinforced with fibers and nanomaterials. The influences of fibers and nanomaterials on the fresh and hardened properties of cement composites are summarized. Moreover, future trends in the application of these fibers or of nanomaterial-reinforced cement composites are proposed.
Keywords cement composites      fiber      nanomaterial      mechanical property      durability     
Corresponding Author(s): Yan LI   
Just Accepted Date: 05 February 2021   Online First Date: 17 March 2021    Issue Date: 12 April 2021
 Cite this article:   
Jianzhuang XIAO,Nv HAN,Yan LI, et al. Review of recent developments in cement composites reinforced with fibers and nanomaterials[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2021, 15(1): 1-19.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fsce/EN/10.1007/s11709-021-0723-y
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fsce/EN/Y2021/V15/I1/1
Fig.1  Annual number of SCI papers on fiber reinforcement and nanomodification of cement composites.
Fig.2  Different types of steel fibers [12,13]. (Reprinted from Materials & Design, 31(5), Holschemacher K, Mueller T, Ribakov Y, Effect of steel fibres on mechanical properties of high-strength concrete, 2604–2615, Copyright 2010, with permission from Elsevier.) (Reprinted from Materials & Design, 33, Xu Z, Hao H, Li H N, Experimental study of dynamic compressive properties of fibre reinforced concrete material with different fibres, 42–55, Copyright 2012, with permission from Elsevier.)
shape diameter (mm) length
(mm)		 tensile strength
(MPa)		 elastic modulus
(GPa)		 density
(kg·m−3)		 elongation at break (%) reference
straight 0.5–0.9 25–60 500–2000 200 7840 0.5–3.5 [13,]14
hooked-end 0.37–0.9 25–62 1050–2311 200–210 7700–8000 – [15–19]
flattened-end 0.5–1 30–50 900–1150 200–212 7700–7850 – [13,20,21]
corrugated 0.75–1 30–60 1100 200 7900 – [22,23]
spiral 0.9 15–30 1300 – 7700 – [13]
twist 0.3 30 2428 200 7900 – [24]
Tab.1  Different types of steel fibers
fiber type diameter (µm) length (mm) tensile strength (MPa) elastic modulus (GPa) density (kg·m−3) elongation at break (%) reference
PP 15–81 4–19 240–700 1.5–9 910 7–9 [30–33]
PE 20–24 18 2400–3000 100 970 2–3 [34,35]
PET 300 35 101 0.19 1100–1390 – [36,37]
PVA 12–39 9–12 800–1600 20–42.8 1290–1300 6–10 [14,38–40]
PLa) 45 12–54 1340 9.5 875 – [17,41]
PANb) 5–25 12 400 3–8 1180 10.1 [33]
Tab.2  Physical and mechanical properties of selected polymeric fibers
Fig.3  Microstructures and morphologies of nanomaterials [50–57]. (Reprinted from Construction & Building Materials, 98, Amin M S, El-Gamal S M A, Hashem F S, Fire resistance and mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes–clay bricks wastes (Homra) composites cement, 237–249, Copyright 2015, with permission from Elsevier.) (Reprinted from Construction & Building Materials, 91, Heikal M, Ismail M N, Ibrahim N S, Physico-mechanical, microstructure characteristics and fire resistance of cement pastes containing Al2O3 nano-particles, 232–242, Copyright 2015, with permission from Elsevier.) (Reprinted from Construction & Building Materials, 94, Khotbehsara M M, Mohseni E, Yazdi M A, Sarker P, Ranjbar M M, Effect of nano-CuO and fly ash on the properties of self-compacting mortar, 758–766, Copyright 2015, with permission from Elsevier.) (Reprinted from Construction & Building Materials, 164, Sharkawi A M, Abd-Elaty M A, Khalifa O H, Synergistic influence of micro-nano silica mixture on durability performance of cementious materials, 579–588, Copyright 2018, with permission from Elsevier.) (Reprinted from Composites. Part B, Engineering, 165, Panda B, Ruan S, Unluer C, Tan M J, Improving the 3D printability of high volume fly ash mixtures via the use of nano attapulgite clay, 75–83, Copyright 2019, with permission from Elsevier.) (Reprinted from Cement and Concrete Composites, 70, Murugan M, Santhanam M, Sen Gupta S, Pradeep T, Shah S P, Influence of 2D rGO nanosheets on the properties of OPC paste, 48–59, Copyright 2016, with permission from Elsevier.) (Reprinted from Construction & Building Materials, 134, Wang H, Gao X, Wang R, The influence of rheological parameters of cement paste on the dispersion of carbon nanofibers and self-sensing performance, 673–683, Copyright 2017, with permission from Elsevier.) (Reprinted from Materials & Design, 32(7), Nazari A, Riahi S, Computer-aided design of the effects of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on split tensile strength and water permeability of high strength concrete, 3966–3979, Copyright 2011, with permission from Elsevier.)
shape cement matrix diameter
(mm)		 length
(mm)		 volume fraction (%) flexural strength (MPa) enhanced extent (%) reference
straight mortar 300 30 0.5 14.68 –8.93 [69]
200 12 2.0 15.64 6.54
200 25 2.0 19.45 45.15 [70]
hooked-end mortar 375 30 0.5 17.35 4.08 [69]
775 62 1.5 16.79 14.76
550 35 2.0 6.3 200.00 [16]
corrugated concrete 750 30 2.0 8.86 112.47 [22]
750 45 1.5 6.84 64.03
750 60 1.5 8.44 102.40
twisted mortar 300 30 1.5 14.59 10.70 [69]
Tab.3  Enhancement by steel fiber of flexural strengths of cement composites
Fig.4  Fiber distributions for different fiber placements [15]: (a) placement parallel to tensile direction; (b) placement transverse to tensile direction. (Reprinted from Cement and Concrete Research, 41(10), Kang ST, Kim JK, The relation between fiber orientation and tensile behavior in an Ultra High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites (UHPFRCC), 1001–1014, Copyright 2011, with permission from Elsevier.)
type cement matrix weight
fraction (%)		 diameter
(nm)		 specific surface area (m2·g−1) compressive strength (MPa) enhanced extent (%) reference
CNT paste 0.1 10–40 93.81 76.88 4.0 [50]
0.05 10–20 40-300 72.44 13.0 [86]
NA paste 1 15±3 165±12 80±0.5 29.0 [80]
mortar 3 8 200 45.48 3.8 [87]
1 15±3 200 43.5 17.6 [52]
1.25 13 100±15 68.4 20.2 [88]
NC mortar 3 1–2 265 58.1 18.1 [89]
5 3 – 31.4 11.0 [54]
NCua) mortar 21 15±3 200 42±0.5 5.0 [52]
3 15 200 43.53 16.4 [81]
NF mortar 3 30 – 36.4 26.0 [90]
2 60 60 41.76 11.7 [81]
0.5 20–60 60 70.8 24.4 [88]
NS paste 5 15 95 40.5±0.5 55.8 [91]
3 15±5 160±20 144 8.0 [92]
4 15 – 70.5±0.5 15.6 [80]
mortar 5 20 220 54.80 30.1 [87]
9 12–40 300 39.15 66.5 [93]
3 30–70 – 72.25 16.1 [94]
1 5–20 – 97.0 7.4 [95]
4 15 200 43.03 15.1 [81]
3 15±3 200 40.0 8.1 [96]
1.25 12 200 63.6 11.8 [88]
1.3 15 200 50.9 8.3 [97]
4 25 160 40 14.3 [79]
2 8–20 – 40 14.3 [53]
0.5 14 200 50 25.0 [77]
NT mortar 5 15±3 200 43.5 17.6 [96]
3 15±3 155±12 59.6 36.4 [97,98]
5.2 21 50 49.5 5.3 [97]
Tab.4  Enhancement by nanomaterial of compressive strengths of cement composites
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