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Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering

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Front. Struct. Civ. Eng.    2021, Vol. 15 Issue (5) : 1277-1291    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-021-1752-2
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Effect of mineral additives and permeability reducing admixtures having different action mechanisms on mechanical and durability performance of cementitious systems
Ali NEMATZADEH, Burcu AYTEKIN, Ali MARDANI-AGHABAGLOU()
Department of Civil Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, Nilufer-Bursa 16059, Turkey
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Abstract

In this paper, the effect of usage of the permeability reducing admixture (PRA) having different action mechanisms on hardened state properties of cementitious systems containing mineral additives is examined. For this aim, three commercial PRAs were used during investigation. The effective parameters in the first and third PRAs were air-entraining and high-rate air-entraining, respectively. The second one contained the insoluble calcium carbonate residue and had a small amount of the air-entraining property. Mortar mixes with binary and ternary cementitious systems were prepared by partially replacing cement with fly ash and metakaolin. The hardened state properties of mortar mixtures such as compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, water absorption, drying shrinkage and freeze–thaw resistance were investigated. The ternary cement-based mixture having both fly ash and metakaolin was selected as the most successful mineral-additive bearing mix in regard to hardened state properties. In this sense, PRA-B, with both insoluble residues and a small amount of air-entraining properties, showed the best performance among the mixtures containing PRA. The combined use of mineral additive and PRA had a more positive effect on the properties of the mixes.
Keywords cementitious system      mineral additive      permeability reducing admixture      mechanical properties      durability performance     
Corresponding Author(s): Ali MARDANI-AGHABAGLOU   
Online First Date: 27 September 2021    Issue Date: 29 November 2021
 Cite this article:   
Ali NEMATZADEH,Burcu AYTEKIN,Ali MARDANI-AGHABAGLOU. Effect of mineral additives and permeability reducing admixtures having different action mechanisms on mechanical and durability performance of cementitious systems[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2021, 15(5): 1277-1291.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fsce/EN/10.1007/s11709-021-1752-2
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fsce/EN/Y2021/V15/I5/1277
oxide chemical composition (%)
cement FA a) MK b)
SiO 2 18.86 59.22 56.1
Al 2O 3 5.71 22.86 40.23
Fe 2O 3 3.09 6.31 0.85
CaO 62.7 3.09 0.19
MgO 1.16 1.31 0.16
Na 2O 0.29 0.41 0.24
K 2O 0.63 1.51 0.51
SO 3 2.39 0.17 0
Cl ? 0.01 – –
LOI 3.2 – –
IR 0.32 – –
Tab.1  Chemical component of binders
material specific gravity blaine specific surface area (cm 2/g)
cement 3.15 3530
fly ash 2.31 4300
metakaolin 2.52 146000
Tab.2  Physical properties of binders
properties 7-d 28-d 90-d
pozzolanic activity index (%)
　fly ash 70.09 77.7 91.2
　metakaolin 98.03 104.5 110.21
compressive strength (MPa)
　cement 26.8 49.8 58.5
Tab.3  Mechanical properties of binders
density (g/cm 3) amount of solid matter pH chloride content alkali amount (Na 2O)
1.097 36.35% 3.82 < 0.1 < 10
Tab.4  Properties of polycarboxylate-ether based high range of water reducing admixture
properties PRA-A PRA-B PRA-C
complexion no segregation no segregation no segregation
colour brown brown light yellow
relative density (g/cm 3) 1.115 1.095 1.04
amount of solid matter 21.85% 12.45% 8%
pH 9.02 10.30 alkali 9.72
chloride content 0.015 0.025 < 0.1
alkali amount (Na 2O) 0.32% 0.25% < 0.5%
Tab.5  Properties of permeability reducing admixtures
properties PRA-A PRA-B PRA-C
increases resistance to aggressive chemicals + + –
increases resistance to sulphate attack – + –
improves the resistance against freeze–thaw + + –
reduces chlorine ion permeability + + +
reduces water permeability + + +
increases resistance to positive and negative water pressure + + –
ensures that its surface is void-free and smooth + – –
has a positive effect on early and ultimate strength – + +
makes it easier to place and compact by increasing its workability – – +
Tab.6  Advantages of PRAs in cementitious systems
series name cement (g) fly ash (g) metakaolin (g) water (g) sand (g) PRA a) (g) WRA b) (g) flow value (mm)
C 500 0 0 242.5 1375 0 2.50 265
CF 400 100 0 242.5 1375 0 1.50 257
CM 450 0 50 242.5 1375 0 2.85 257
CFM 350 100 50 242.5 1375 0 2.75 265
PRA-%1A 500 0 0 242.5 1375 5 1.50 275
PRA-%2A 500 0 0 242.5 1375 10 1.00 280
PRA-%1B 500 0 0 242.5 1375 5 1.45 252
PRA-%2B 500 0 0 242.5 1375 10 1.50 262
PRA-%1C 500 0 0 242.5 1375 5 2.00 250
PRA-%2C 500 0 0 242.5 1375 10 2.50 250
Tab.7  Amount of materials used for preparing mortar mixtures by mass and their flow values
Fig.1  Compressive strength of mineral additives-bearing mortar mixtures. (W/C: 0.45) (50 mm × 50 mm × 50 mm).
Fig.2  Compressive strength of the PRAs-bearing mortar mixtures. (W/C: 0.45) (50 mm × 50 mm × 50 mm).
Fig.3  28- and 90-d water absorption capacity values of mortar mixtures.
Fig.4  Air content of mortar mixtures.
sample ultrasonic passing duration (μs) UPV (km/s) concrete quality
C 11.89 4.202 good
CF 11.20 4.464 good
CM 11.00 4.545 excellent
CFM 11.09 4.510 excellent
Tab.8  28-d UPV results of mortar mixtures
sample ultrasonic passing duration (μs) UPV (km/s) concrete quality
C 11.77 4.249 good
CF 10.68 4.684 excellent
CM 10.24 4.883 excellent
CFM 10.63 4.705 excellent
PRA-%1A 11.67 4.283 good
PRA-%2A 11.79 4.240 good
PRA-%1B 11.49 4.350 good
PRA-%2B 11.07 4.416 good
PRA-%1C 11.94 4.187 good
PRA-%2C 12.44 4.020 good
Tab.9  90-d UPV results of mortar mixtures
Fig.5  Weight loss of 28-d ages mortar mixtures exposed to 300 freeze–thaw cycles.
Fig.6  Relative weight loss of 28-d ages mortar specimens exposed to 300 freeze–thaw cycles.
Fig.7  Weight loss of 90-d ages mortar mixtures exposed to 300 freeze–thaw cycles.
Fig.8  Relative weight loss of 90-d ages mortar specimens exposed to 300 freeze–thaw cycles.
cycle 28-d samples 90-d samples
C CF CM CFM C CF CM CFM
0 4.202 4.464 4.545 4.510 4.249 4.684 4.883 4.705
50 3.897 4.287 4.369 4.315 3.932 4.534 4.793 4.580
100 3.555 3.896 4.170 4.049 3.698 4.393 4.658 4.450
150 3.480 3.846 4.110 3.982 3.513 4.214 4.523 4.259
200 3.395 3.799 4.081 3.902 3.439 4.096 4.384 4.168
250 3.311 3.759 3.998 3.860 3.345 3.999 4.297 4.060
300 3.238 3.682 3.919 3.787 3.246 3.914 4.188 4.009
Tab.10  UPV values of mineral additive-bearing mortar mixtures exposed to 300 freeze–thaw cycles (km/s)
cycle 90-d samples
C PRA-%1A PRA-%2A PRA-%1B PRA-%2B PRA-%1C PRA-%2C
0 4.249 4.283 4.240 4.350 4.416 4.187 4.020
50 3.932 4.042 4.096 4.219 4.315 4.106 3.882
100 3.698 3.883 3.813 3.894 4.058 3.940 3.748
150 3.513 3.754 3.789 3.882 4.019 3.900 3.722
200 3.439 3.633 3.707 3.839 3.973 3.813 3.667
250 3.345 3.538 3.660 3.796 3.915 3.771 3.621
300 3.246 3.488 3.626 3.764 3.880 3.748 3.583
Tab.11  UPV values of PRA-bearing mortar mixtures exposed to 300 freeze–thaw cycles (km/s)
Fig.9  Dynamic modulus of elasticity variation of mortar mixtures exposed to 300 freeze–thaw cycles.
Fig.10  Drying-shrinkage based length change of 90-d ages mortar mixtures.
source sum of squares D f mean square F sig.
corrected model 6878001 7 982.572 30.843 0.000
intercept 26274.001 1 26274.001 824.737 0.000
mixture type 720.356 3 240.119 7.537 0.004
age 6157.644 4 1539.411 48.322 0.000
error 382.289 12 31.857 – –
total 33534.290 20 – – –
corrected total 7260.290 19 – – –
Tab.12  ANOVA results of compressive strength of mortar mixtures bearing mineral additive
source sum of squares D f mean square F sig.
corrected model 336845575 10 33684.558 0.924 0.528
intercept 131651.591 1 131651.591 3.613 0.069
mixture type 229799.218 6 38299.870 1.051 0.418
age 107046.357 4 26761.589 0.734 0.577
error 874487.322 24 36436.972 – –
total 1342984.489 35 – – –
corrected total 1211332.897 34 – – –
Tab.13  ANOVA results of compressive strength of mortar mixtures bearing PRA
source sum of squares D f mean square F sig.
corrected model 2869 4 0.717 6.806 0.074
intercept 122.790 1 122.790 1165.005 0.000
mixture type 2.378 3 0.793 7.522 0.066
age 0.491 1 0.491 4.659 0.120
error 0.316 3 0.105 – –
total 125.976 8 – – –
corrected total 3.186 7 – – –
Tab.14  ANOVA results of water absorption of mortar mixtures bearing mineral additive
source sum of squares D f mean square F sig.
corrected model 3,131 7 0.447 15.324 0.002
intercept 250.162 1 250.162 8570.935 0.000
mixture type 2.089 6 0.348 11.926 0.004
age 1.042 1 1.042 35.711 0.001
error 0.175 6 0.029 – –
total 253.468 14 – – –
corrected total 3.306 13 – – –
Tab.15  ANOVA results of water absorption of mortar mixtures bearing PRA
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