Treatment technologies for aqueous perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA)

doi:10.1007/s11783-009-0022-7

Front Envir Sci Eng Chin

2009, Vol. 3

Issue (2) : 129-151 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-009-0022-7

FEATURE ARTICLE

Treatment technologies for aqueous perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA)

Chad D. VECITIS¹, Hyunwoong PARK¹, Jie CHENG¹, Brian T. MADER², Michael R. HOFFMANN¹(email.png)

1. 1. W. M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA; 2. 2. 3M Environmental Laboratory, 3M Center, Building 260-05-N-17, Maplewood, MN 55144-1000, USA

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Abstract

Fluorochemicals (FCs) are oxidatively recalcitrant, environmentally persistent, and resistant to most conventional treatment technologies. FCs have unique physiochemical properties derived from fluorine which is the most electronegative element. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) have been detected globally in the hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. Reducing treatment technologies such as reverses osmosis, nano-filtration and activated carbon can? remove ?FCs ?from ?water. ?However,? incineration ?of the concentrated waste is required for complete FC destruction. Recently, a number of alternative technologies for FC decomposition have been reported. The FC degradation technologies span a wide range of chemical processes including direct photolysis, photocatalytic oxidation, photochemical oxidation, photochemical reduction, thermally-induced reduction, and sonochemical pyrolysis. This paper reviews these FC degradation technologies in terms of kinetics, mechanism, energetic cost, and applicability. The optimal PFOS/PFOA treatment method is strongly dependent upon the FC concentration, background organic and metal concentration, and available degradation time.

Keywords fluorochemical (FC) degradation technologies perfluoroctanesulfonate (PFOS) perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) oxidation reduction photolysis thermolysis review

Corresponding Author(s): HOFFMANN Michael R.,Email:mrh@caltech.edu

Issue Date: 05 June 2009

Cite this article:

Chad D. VECITIS,Hyunwoong PARK,Jie CHENG, et al. Treatment technologies for aqueous perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA)[J]. Front Envir Sci Eng Chin, 2009, 3(2): 129-151.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-009-0022-7
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2009/V3/I2/129

technique	conditions	power(W)& volume(mL)	k(Lab)^a)	product^b)	energy^c) /kJ	ref.
UV direct photolysis	1.35 mmolL^-1 of PFOAl = 220-460 nm	20022	0.69 d^-1t_1/2 = 1440 min	33% F^-38% CO₂65% PFacids	792000(1170 kJ?μmol^-1)	[93]

UV phosphotungstic photocatalysis	1.35 mmol?L^-1 of PFOAl = 220-460 nm0.48 MPa of O₂6.6 m mol?L^-1 of PTA	20022	2.0 d^-1t_1/2 = 500 min	30% F^-25% CO₂70% PF acids	276000(410 kJ?μmol^-1)	[93]

TiO₂ photocatalysis	1.0 mmol?L^-1 of PFOAl = 310-400 nmpH= 2-30.1 g of TiO₂	7550	0.69 d^-1t_1/2 = 1440 min	50% F^-50% CO₂	132000(265 kJ?μmol^-1)	[104]

UV direct photolysis	50 mmol?L^-1 of PFOAl = 185 nm	231000	0.017 min^-1t_1/2 = 41 min	10% F^-90% PFacids	49(1 kJ?μmol^-1)	[94]

UV persulfatephotolysis	50 μmol?L^-1 of PFOAl = 254 nm1.5 mmol?L^-1 of S2O82-	231000	0.012 min^-1t_1/2 = 58 min	5% F^-95% PFacids	69(1.2 kJ?μmol^-1)	[94]

UV persulfatephotolysis	1.35 mmol?L^-1 of PFOAl = 220-460 nm0.48 MPa of O₂pH= 2-310 mmol?L^-1 of S2O82-	20022	0.69 h^-1t_1/2 = 58 min	12% F^-85% PFacids	33600(50 kJ?μmol^-1)	[99]

photocatalysisTiO₂/Ni-Cu	50 m mol?L^-1 of PFOAl = 254 nm	23250	0.0077 min^-1t_1/2 = 90 min	10 % F^-90% PFacids	500(20 kJ?μmol^-1)	[102]

photoelectro-catalysisTiO₂/Ni-Cu	50 mmol?L^-1 of PFOAl = 254 nm-0.1 V	23250	0.015 min^-1t_1/2 = 45 min	20% F^-80% PFacids	250(10 kJ?μmol^-1)	[102]

persulfate photolysis	2.5 mmol?L^-1 of PFBAl = 254 nm50 mmol?L^-1 of S2O82-	60200	0.0096 min^-¹t_1/2 = 72 min	~ 10⁴ L?mol^-1?s^-^1dSO₄^.- + PFBA^-	1300(1.0 kJ?μmol^-1)	[101]

hydrogen peroxide photolysis	2.5 mmol?L^-1 of PFBAl = 254 nm250 mmol?L^-1 of H₂O₂	60200	3.0e-5 min^-1t_1/2 = 23100 min	n/a	420000(320 kJ?μmol^-1)	[101]

flash photolysis	5×10^-5 mol?L^-1 of Fe(CN)₆0.02-0.1 mol?L^-1 of PFOA	266 nm10 ns3 mJ/pulse	~10⁷ L?mol^-1?s^-1d	n/a	n/a	[198]

sonolysis	20 mmol?L^-1 of PFOAf = 354 kHz	150600	0.018 min^-1t_1/2 = 39 min	95% F^-	670(67 kJ?μmol^-1)	[108]

sonolysis	200 nmol?L^-1 of PFOAf = 354 kHz	150600	0.047 min^-1t_1/2 = 15 min	95% F^-	260(1300 kJ?μmol^-1)	[108]

UV-KI photolysis	20 mmol?L^-1 of PFOAl = 254 nm	1.530	0.0014 min^-1t_1/2 = 500 min	10% F^-gaseous fluoroalkanes	1500(150 kJ?μmol^-1)	[216]

UV-KI photolysis	200 nmol?L^-1 of PFOAl = 254 nm	1.530	0.0025 min^-1t_1/2 = 280 min	10% F^-Gaseous fluoroalkanes	820(8200 kJ?μmol^-1)	[216]

Ferro-photolysis	2.5 mmol?L^-1 of Fe₂(SO₄)₃67 mmol?L^-1 of PFBAl = 220-460 nm	200105	0.028 h^-1t_1/2 = 1490 min	45% F^-55% short chains	89400(2.7 kJ?μmol^-1)	[168]

Tab.1 Summary of reported results for PFOA degradation

Tab.2 Summary of reported data for PFOS degradation

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