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Frontiers in Energy

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ISSN 2095-1698(Online)

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Front. Energy    2019, Vol. 13 Issue (4) : 731-741    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-018-0528-4
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Investigation of wind energy potentials in Brunei Darussalam
M. A. SALAM1(), M. G. YAZDANI1, Q. M. RAHMAN2, Dk NURUL1, S. F. MEI1, Syeed HASAN2
1. Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
2. Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London N6A 3K7, Canada
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Abstract

Conventional power generation mainly depends on natural gas and diesel oil in Brunei Darussalam. The power utility company is now thinking of power generation using natural wind. In this paper, wind energy, being one of the most readily available renewable energy sources, was studied. The wind characteristic, velocity and directions were studied using Weibull distribution based on the measurement of wind speed at two different locations in Brunei Darussalam. These wind speed distributions were modeled using the Wind Power program. The wind rose graph was obtained for the wind direction to analyze the wind power density onshore and offshore. Based on this analysis, it has been found that the wind speed of 3 to 5 m/s has a probability of occurrence of 40%. Besides, the annual energy production at a wind speed of 5 m/s has been found to be in the range between 1000 and 1500 kWh for both the locations in Brunei Darussalam.
Keywords wind speed      Weibull distribution      wind rose      wind energy      wind power     
Corresponding Author(s): M. A. SALAM   
Online First Date: 12 January 2018    Issue Date: 26 December 2019
 Cite this article:   
M. A. SALAM,M. G. YAZDANI,Q. M. RAHMAN, et al. Investigation of wind energy potentials in Brunei Darussalam[J]. Front. Energy, 2019, 13(4): 731-741.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/EN/10.1007/s11708-018-0528-4
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/EN/Y2019/V13/I4/731
Fig.1  Hourly mean wind speed
Fig.2  Monthly mean speed from the year 2012–2014
Fig.3  Normalized frequency distribution with wind class speed for the years 2012–2014
Fig.4  Wind rose at location A from 2012 to 2014
Year/
Hours		 Mean wind speed/(m?s−1)
2012 2013 2014
01 1.66 1.72 1.71
02 1.67 1.76 1.59
03 1.61 1.68 1.65
04 1.62 1.70 1.64
05 1.63 1.74 1.69
06 1.65 1.79 1.67
07 1.58 1.84 1.69
08 1.91 2.22 1.89
09 2.37 2.55 2.34
10 2.68 2.78 2.55
11 2.84 3.02 2.86
12 3.33 3.42 3.23
13 3.78 3.90 3.75
14 4.15 4.12 4.03
15 4.38 4.21 4.31
16 4.33 4.13 4.30
17 3.92 3.65 3.75
18 3.18 2.91 3.02
19 2.54 2.32 2.38
20 2.19 2.11 2.13
21 2.04 1.94 1.99
22 1.96 1.91 1.93
23 1.81 1.85 1.83
24 1.74 1.81 1.71
Tab.1  Hourly wind data at a height of 14 m AGL from 2012 to 2014
Time Wind direction/(°) Wind speed/(m?s–1) Time Wind direction/(°) Wind speed/(m?s−1)
15:10 36 3.17 16:40 358 5.2
15:15 38 2.87 16:45 357 4.91
15:20 36 2.96 16:50 355 4.86
15:25 37 3.34 16:55 353 5.43
15:30 36 3.38 17:00 358 4.76
15:35 39 3.25 17:05 358 5.06
15:40 37 2.68 17:10 351 5.16
15:45 32 3.06 17:15 346 4.78
15:50 33 3.1 17:20 351 5.12
15:55 36 3.44 17:25 353 4.91
16:00 41 4.63 17:30 352 5.23
16:05 16 3.89 17:35 357 4.44
16:10 17 4.55 17:40 349 4.46
16:15 20 4.5 17:45 348 5.08
16:20 22 5.12 17:50 345 5.1
16:25 358 4.42 17:55 349 4.76
16:30 350 5.01 16:00 349 4.32
16:35 356 4.67
Tab.2  Wind speed measurement at location B on February 2015
Time Wind direction/(°) Wind speed/(m?s−1) Time Wind direction/(°) Wind speed/(m?s–1)
10:20 54 2.81 12:55 29.4 3.02
10:25 54 2.28 13:00 29.4 2.98
10:30 54 2.55 13:05 30.3 3.19
10:35 54 2.7 13:10 30.3 2.76
10:40 54 2.68 13:15 29.5 2.65
18:43 54 2.55 13:20 30.3 2.81
10:50 54 2.83 13:25 30.3 2.95
10:55 54 2.78 13:30 30.3 3.29
11:00 54 2.49 13:35 30.3 2.91
11:05 44 2.72 13:40 26 2.68
11:10 44 2.4 13:45 38 3.1
11:15 44 2.93 13:50 38 2.95
11:20 44 2.66 13:55 342 3.19
11:25 44 2.83 14:00 342 3.1
11:30 44 2.72 14:05 342 3.25
11:35 44 2.3 14:10 342 3.23
11:40 44 2.62 14:15 342 3.32
11:45 44 2.95 14:20 342 3.19
11:50 44 2.7 14:25 342 3.06
11:55 44 2.53 14:30 342 3.46
12:00 44 2.57 14:35 342 3.57
12:05 44 2.43 14:40 336 3.17
12:10 44 2.66 14:45 336 3.32
12:15 44 2.36 14:50 342 3.25
12:30 44 2.89 14:55 342 2.76
12:35 44 2.81 15:00 342 3.12
12:40 30.3 2.95 15:05 342 3.9
12:45 30.3 2.62 15:10 342 3.49
12:50 30.3 2.85
Tab.3  Wind speed measurement at location B on February13, 2015
Time Wind direction/(°) Wind speed/(m?s−1) Time Wind direction/(°) Wind speed/(m?s–1)
11:50 42 2.19 14:05 22 2.43
11:55 42 1.75 14:10 22 2.41
12:00 48 2.78 14:15 22 2.36
12:05 48 2.5 14:20 15 1.89
12:10 48 2.17 14:25 15 1.87
12:15 24 1.98 14:30 38 3.04
12:20 24 1.78 14:35 38 2.72
12:25 24 1.5 14:40 24 2.6
12:30 25 2.34 14:45 24 2.58
12:35 25 1.85 14:50 24 2.5
12:40 26 3.54 14:55 24 2.43
12:45 26 3.21 15:00 24 2.43
12:50 26 2.75 15:05 24 2.37
12:55 29 3.7 15:10 19 2.41
13:00 29 3.45 15:15 18 1.95
13:05 52 3.24 15:20 18 1.67
13:10 55 3.45 15:25 16 1.64
13:15 29 3.07 15:30 52 3.26
13:20 41 1.56 15:35 52 3.12
13:25 46 2.63 15:40 47 2.46
13:30 46 2.54 15:45 47 2.46
13:35 46 2.54 15:50 40 2.38
13:40 17 2.84 15:55 42 2.51
13:45 17 1.95 16:00 12 2.84
13:50 11 2.67 16:05 43 3.04
13:55 11 2.45 16:10 37 3.46
14:00 22 2.72 16:15 39 3.72
Tab.4  Wind speed measurement at location B on February 28, 2015
Time Wind direction/(°) Wind speed/(m?s−1) Time Wind direction/(°) Wind speed/(m?s–1)
4:20 41 3.75 6:15 46 3.27
4:25 41 4.39 6:20 46 4.23
4:30 41 5.01 6:25 46 4.88
4:35 41 4.67 6:30 59 2.42
4:40 51 3.87 6:35 59 2.78
4:45 51 4.27 6:40 56 3.46
4:50 51 3.86 6:45 56 2.89
4:55 55 3.45 6:50 55 3.78
5:00 56 3.74 6:55 55 4.67
5:05 55 3.7 7:00 51 3.78
5:10 55 3.76 7:05 48 3.67
5:15 55 3.46 7:10 48 3.46
5:20 65 4.11 7:15 48 3.07
5:25 65 3.78 7:20 48 3.47
5:30 41 4.75 7:25 65 2.75
5:35 59 3.75 7:30 55 3.79
5:40 59 2.68 7:35 41 4.18
5:45 59 2.87 7:40 46 5.23
5:50 65 2.46 7:45 32 4.65
5:55 65 2.97 7:50 32 5.01
6:00 41 4.32 7:55 41 4.21
6:05 32 4.76 8:00 41 5.37
6:10 46 4.67 8:05 41 4.32
Tab.5  Wind speed measurement at location B on March 1, 2015
Wind class/(m?s−1) Frequency distribution/%
2012 2013 2014
Calms 0.1 0.1 0.2
0.5–2.1 41.2 40.2 41.2
2.1–3.6 32.3 33.3 33.7
3.6–5.7 22.1 21.9 21.7
5.7–8.8 4.3 4.3 3.2
8.8–11 0 0.1 0.1
≥11 0 0 0
Tab.6  Normalized frequency distribution against wind class
Months v¯ k c
2012 2013 2014 2012 2013 2014 2012 2013 2014
January 2.77 2.86 2.51 3.45 3.70 4.33 3.08 3.18 2.76
February 2.51 3.07 2.71 2.85 2.94 2.85 2.82 3.45 3.04
March 2.65 2.59 2.89 2.56 2.77 2.85 2.98 2.91 3.25
April 2.40 2.50 2.39 2.77 2.94 2.77 2.70 2.81 2.69
May 2.29 2.30 2.40 2.56 3.03 2.43 2.57 2.58 2.70
June 2.55 2.27 2.25 2.37 3.63 2.49 2.87 2.55 2.53
July 2.50 2.56 2.28 2.56 2.94 2.56 2.81 2.88 2.56
August 2.56 2.40 2.41 2.37 2.70 2.43 2.88 2.70 2.71
September 2.41 2.56 2.45 2.70 2.49 2.77 2.71 2.88 2.75
October 2.47 2.55 2.50 2.70 2.63 2.85 2.78 2.87 2.81
November 2.48 2.42 2.53 2.94 3.12 2.94 2.79 2.72 2.84
December 2.68 2.48 2.68 3.03 3.03 2.77 3.01 2.79 3.01
Tab.7  Wind data and Weibull parameters at a height of 14 m for three years
Wind turbines Wind Energy Solution Tulipo SampreyWren Ampair 600-230 Earth-Tech ET500 Turby Urban Green Energy Eddy Windspire
HAWT/VAWT HAWT HAWT HAWT HAWT VAWT VAWT VAWT
No. of blades 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Rotor diameter/m 5 1 1.7 2.5 2.6 1.8 3.1
Swept area/m2 19.6 0.8 2.3 4.9 5.3 2.5 7.5
Power rating/kW 2.5 0.3 0.7 0.5 2.5 0.6 1.2
Cut-in wind speed/(m?s−1) 2.5 3 3 2.5 3.5 3.5 4
Cut-off wind speed/(m?s−1) 20 25 30 25 14 25 14
Tab.8  Selective wind turbine specifications
Fig.5  Mean wind speed and Weibull parameters, k and c for three years
Fig.6  Power generation with different wind turbines at location A
Fig.7  Power coefficients for different wind turbines at location A
Fig.8  Annual energy generation at location A
Fig.9  Wind speed versus time at location B
Fig.10  Wind rose diagram for location B
Fig.11  Annual energy generation at location B
v Unsteady wind speed component
v‾ Mean value of v
σ Standard deviation of wind speed
k A factor that determines the shape of the curve
c Scale parameter with unit of speed/(m?s−1)
ρ The density of air, 1.225 kg/m3
Ar The rotor cross-sectional area in m2
Um The average wind speed/(m?s−1)
  
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