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Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering

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Front. Agr. Sci. Eng.    2020, Vol. 7 Issue (4) : 440-454    https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2020353
REVIEW
Chinese agricultural technology transfer to African typical dry areas: practice and experience
Qiuxia MENG1,2, Jianjie ZHANG1,2, Wenyan XIE1,2, Huaiping ZHOU1,2, Qiang ZHANG3()
1. College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
2. Institute of Agricultural Environment and Resources, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030031, China
3. Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
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Abstract

Africa has experienced increasing aridity and higher frequency of droughts due to climate change during the half past century with possible adverse effects on agricultural production, especially in dry areas with low rainfall. Under the auspices of the Africa Water Action Program between the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), the Institute of Agricultural Environment and Resources, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS-IAER) worked closely with domestic and overseas partners on technology transfer in Morocco, Zambia, Egypt, Niger and Ethiopia from 2008 to 2013. A drought early warning system has been established and validated, and drought adaptation technologies have been trialed, modified, demonstrated and extended in African countries, and this shows great potential to increase crop production, water and fertilizer use efficiency and desert control in rainfed areas of Africa. The project has continued for six years and is a successful case of technology transfer and capacity building in Africa. The knowledge and experience gained will be useful to researchers, technicians, aid agencies and policy makers who work on agricultural technology transfer for in dry areas of Africa.
Keywords drought      early warning      adaptation technology      China      United Nations Environment Program      Africa     
Corresponding Author(s): Qiang ZHANG   
Just Accepted Date: 28 June 2020   Online First Date: 24 July 2020    Issue Date: 06 November 2020
 Cite this article:   
Qiuxia MENG,Jianjie ZHANG,Wenyan XIE, et al. Chinese agricultural technology transfer to African typical dry areas: practice and experience[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2020, 7(4): 440-454.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/10.15302/J-FASE-2020353
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/Y2020/V7/I4/440
Fig.1  The coexistence of large commercial farms and subsistence farms or small-family mixed farms in Africa. (a) A commercial olive plantation in Marrakesh, Morocco (November 3, 2012; 11:48 A.M.); (b) sowing barley (that needs less water and ripen faster than wheat) by hand on Abda Plain, Morocco (November 6, 2012; 4:50 P.M.); (c) a large commercial farm equipped with modern farm machinery in Southern Province, Zambia (November 19, 2012; 10:54 A.M.); (d) harvest failure of maize caused by drought in a smallholder farm in Southern Province, Zambia (November 19, 2012; 12:06 P.M.)
Phase Aims Projects African countries involved
Phase I
(2008–2010)		 To build the capacity of African countries in ecosystem management, disaster reduction, climate change adaptation and renewable energy (1) Re-use of wastewater for forest plantation
(2) Training and technical support on rainwater harvesting in Africa
(3) Enhancing the capacity of monitoring shared water resources of Lake Tanganyika
(4) Drought early warning systems and adaptation to drought		 Burundi, D. R. Congo, Egypt, Kenya,Libya, Morocco, Mozambique, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, and Zambia
Phase II
(2011–2013)		 To strengthen African capacity for sustainable management of limited water resources with ecosystem approach under the theme “One River, One Lake, and One Desert”, targeting the River Nile, Lake Tanganyika and the Sahara desert (1) Water resources planning for selected water catchments in Africa
(2) Development and demonstration of new technologies for safe water supply
(3) Water quality and ecosystem monitoring and demonstration of new wastewater treatments
(4) Drought early warning system and adaption technologies for the dry areas of Africa
(5) Development and demonstration of water-saving techniques for dryland agriculture and agricultural mapping in Africa
(6) Development and demonstration of technologies for combating desertification		 Algeria, Burundi, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mauritania, Mali, Morocco, Nigeria, Niger, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe
Tab.1  Projects in the two phases of the Africa Water Action Program
Fig.2  Implementation chart of the project.
Fig.3  Field investigations and surveys in differrent African countries conducted by joint China-Africa missions. (a) Field invesigation in Kennitra, Morocco (November 23, 2011; 11:57 A.M.); (b) farming system survey in Safi, Morocco (November 14, 2012; 11:25 A.M.); (c) farming system survey in Southern Province, Zambia (November 19, 2012; 11:57 A.M.); (d) farming system survey in Ismailia and Suez, Egypt (©Yongzhong Feng & Youzhen Xiang, November 14, 2012; 11:09 A.M.); (e) vegetation and farming system survey in Zinder, Niger (©Faming Li, June 6, 2012; 17:42 P.M.); (f) field investigation in Ethiopia (©Feng Zhang, November 25, 2011 16:01 P.M).
Key technology Partners Key achievements Main constraints Recommendations
Drought zoning of Ethiopia Lanzhou University. Ethiopian Institute of Biodiversity. Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research Agricultural drought sensitivity evaluation and zoning of Ethiopia;
Comprehensive drought risk evaluation and zoning of Ethiopia.
Corresponding countermeasures based on the zoning, including rational irrigation, adjustment of cultivation structure, hydraulic engineering, enhancement of the agricultural environment, and establishment of DEWS		 Lack of environmental consciousness in farmers.
Difficulty in data collection		 Continuing education provided by local communities, governments and international organizations.
Arrange more human resources and funding for field surveys and other data collection activities
Desertification classification of Niger Gansu Desert Control Research Institute.
Ministry of environment and water resources, Niger		 A desertification classification map of Niger based on the MODIS13Q1-NDVI;
A sustainable agricultural development planning for Niger.
Different developing measures for each land category		 Lack of environmental consciousness in farmers.
Low inputs in agriculture and overexploitation of land.
Difficulty in data collection		 Continuing education provided by local communities, governments and international organizations.
Help farmers to access chemical fertilizers, certified seeds and irrigation facilities.
Arrange more human resources and funding for data collection
Tab.2  Drought zoning and land use planning in the project
Fig.4  The architecture of the drought early warning system (DEWS).
Fig.5  Demonstration sites in (a) Morocco (November 6, 2012; 11:46 A.M.), (b) Zambia (November 20, 2012; 16:21 P.M.), (c) Egypt (©Yongzhong Feng & Youzhen Xiang, May 28, 2012; 16:23 P.M.), and (d) Niger (©Faming Li, June 10, 2012; 16:21 P.M.).
Key technology Location/coverage Key achievements Main constraints Recommendations
Zinc-manganese balanced fertilization of soft wheat Safi, Morocco
1200 m2		 Zn application resulted in a grain yield of 1028 kg·ha-1, an increase of 29% over the control.
Mn application induced an increase of 27% over the control		 Increased investment costs for fertilizers.
Zinc and manganese fertilizers are not available locally		 Combine with DEWS and use in the wet years.
Help in access to fertilizers
Zinc-manganese balanced fertilization of lentil Safi, Morocco
1200 m2		 The grain yield increases were 28% for zinc, 30% for manganese and 7% for combined fertilization, and reached 615, 626 and 518 kg·ha-1, respectively, despite climate constraints As above As above
Zero-tillage, straw mulching and nitrogen management of soft wheat Safi, Morocco
1200 m2		 Straw-mulching increased grain yield by 34% and reached 1775 kg·ha-1 compared to 1326 kg·ha-1 in non-mulched control when two droughts struck during the growth period.
Nitrogen input (60 kg·ha-1) increased grain yield by 12% in the very dry year of 2012		 Increased investment costs for straw and labor
The use of crop residues for other purposes (i.e., fuel or livestock feed)		 Subsidies provided by local government and community
Zero-tillage, straw mulching and nitrogen management of lentil Safi, Morocco
1200 m2		 No-tillage, and previous cereal fertilizer-N rate of 60 kg·ha-1 resulted in grain yields of 467 and 463 kg·ha-1, increases of 20% and 11%, respectively As above As above
Drought-resistant seed coating agent on soft wheat Safi, Morocco
1200 m2		 Foliar spraying with fulvic acid increased grain production to 1743 kg·ha-1 but not significantly Unwillingness of farmers to invest more due to yield uncertainty in the very dry years Combine with other methods such as altering sowing date and choose drought-resistant cultivars
Drought-resistant seed coating agent on soft wheat Safi, Morocco
1200 m2		 Seed coating/foliar spraying with ‘Raxil’ or fulvic acid did not increase grain yield under water stress.
On-farm technology transfer on wheat and lentil Six private farms in Abda area
12 ha		 No-till crop management packages were compared to conventional farming practice.
No-till package increased grain yield of soft wheat and lentil by 8.8% and 20.4%, respectively.
Very informative to the farmers and they are in the process of adapting		 Demand a special drill machine for direct seeding that is costly to farmers and not available in the local markets.
Labor scarcity and high costs of weeding and harvesting		 Develop/introduce low-cost and well-adapted small machinery
Zinc-boron balanced fertilization Liempe, Zambia
600 m2		 Had no effect on maize growth, above ground biomass, grain yield or harvest index Affected by soil dilution and by weather limitations.
Increased investment cost		 Use in the form of a foliar spray.
Provide subsidies by local government and community
Duel-mulching with plastic film and straw Liempe, Zambia
600 m2		 Ridging and plastic-film mulching increased maize grain yield from 2.45 t·ha-1to 4.54 t·ha-1 The use of crop residues for other purposes (i.e., fuel or livestock feed).
Unwillingness of farmers to invest more due to yield uncertainty while costs are increased.
No fencing to avoid grazing by roaming animals		 Provide subsidies by local government and community.
Introduce insurance mechanism for yield uncertainty
Drip-irrigated film- or straw- mulched furrow and ridge planting technology Ismailia, Egypt
3000 m2		 The technologies saved water use by 50% and substantially increased water use efficiency and grain yield. Initial investment costs are high.
Too complicated for local farmers.
Lack of auxiliary facility		 Modify by replacing drip-irrigation with local irrigation pattern
Nylon net sand-break and traditional sand fixation techniques Grouré, Niger
1000 m2		 Effectively lower wind speed and stop dunes from moving and showed good effect.
Farmers and technicians were very interested and active		 Nylon net is not available locally Use local materials such as bush branches
Rain collection using fish scale-shaped pits for forestation Dosso, Niger
800 m2		 Effectively increase the survival rate of tree seedlings by 75% Low incentives due to lack of immediate returns Provide subsidies by local government and community
Chinese millet cultivation method Tahoua, Niger
800 m2		 Increase millet yield effectively by 60% Inadequate awareness of local people toward intensive farming.
Conservative attitude of locals to Chinese millet species		 Emphasize the role of local technicians in continuing technology extension and services.
Transfer the technology to local millet species
Alternate large and small ridges with or without plastic film mulching Tahoua, Niger
800 m2		 Increase maize yield effectively by 56% Difficulty in mastering the technology by local farmers.
Environmental concern about pollution by plastic film residues		 Emphasize the role of local technicians in continuing technology extension and services.
Introduce bio-degradable film or thicker film that can be collected easily after harvest
Selection of soil and water-conserving plants Niamey, Niger Selected 12 local economic tree species and more than 10 windbreak and sand-fixing plant species with economic value Lack of product processing infrastructure and technology.
Low incentives due to lack of markets and immediate returns		 Increase infrastructure input, technical training and subsidies by local government and community.
Cooperate with international companies in product value chain development
Tab.3  Demonstrations, field trials and extension of drought adaptation technology in different African countries
Type Title
Report A Report on Drought Zoning of Ethiopia
Investigation on Farming Systems in the Dry Areas of Morocco
Drought Management in the Dry Area of Morocco
Drought early Warning System (DEWS) and Drought Mitigation Techniques Research in Morocco
Status of Drought Early Warning System and Drought Mitigation Techniques Research in Zambia
Annual report on field trials of drought adaptation technologies in Morocco (2012, 2013)
An Investigative Report on Characteristics of Egyptian Farming Systems in the Nile Delta
A Report on Egypt’s Current Food Security Situation and Projected Food Supply Capacity
Annual Report on Field Trials of Drought Adaptation Technologies in Egypt
Desertification Monitoring Study and Background Survey on Vegetation in Typical regions of Niger
Book An investigative report on characteristics of farming systems in Egypt (China Agriculture Press, 2014)
Eco-industry Construction of Hexi Corridor (Gansu Science and Technology Press, 2013)
Textbook A Training Manual on Desertification Prevention and Control Technology
The construction and development of facility agriculture in arid areas
Technical Manual Practical technical manual for drought mitigation technology (UNEP and MOST, 2014)
Training manual Agricultural drought mitigation technology using chemicals
Straw-mulching and zero-tillage technology
Balanced fertilization technology
Film-mulched alternate large and small ridges and furrow sowing technology for maize
Drip-irrigated film-mulched furrow and ridge cultivation of maize
Software copyright Agricultural decision supporting system based on GIS V1.0.0.0 (Reg. No. 2012SR124525)
Data sharing system (Reg. No. 2012SR078098)
Project management system (Reg. No. 2012SR124749)
Intelligent crop management system V 1.0 (Reg. No. 2013SR071106)
Tab.4  Selected intellectual property produced by the project
Fig.6  Ten African visiting scholars were supported by the project. (a) June 13, 2012; 15:31P.M.; (b) September 18, 2013, 10:43 A.M.
Fig.7  The training sessions given in China and Africa served as effective platforms for technology transfer and capacity building on dryland agriculture. (a) Taiyuan, China (July 5, 2010; 10:52 A.M.); (b) Yangling, China (©Yongzhong Feng & Youzhen Xiang; August 28, 2011; 9:35 A.M.); (c) Ismailia, Egypt (©Yongzhong Feng & Youzhen Xiang; April 30, 2012; 11:28 A.M.); (d) Grouré, Niger (©Faming Li; June 10, 2012; 17:03 P.M.)
Date Training content Trainers Trainees Location
July 2010 Demonstration of drought early warning and adaptation technology SAAS-IAER, China Agricultural University and the University of Melbourne 19 trainees from UNEP, Morocco, Zambia, Libya, and Egypt Taiyuan, China
August to September 2011 Demonstration and extension systems of crop varieties, production of seed potatoes and seed production and propagation technology of vegetables Northwest A&F University 45 technicians and 120 researchers from 39 government departments and agricultural universities of 21 countries including Morocco, Egypt, South Africa, Uganda, and Sudan Yangling, China
September 2011 An Overview on Agricultural Development in the Arid Area of north-west China North-west A&F University 24 trainees from 9 countries including Morocco and Egypt Yangling, China
April 2012 Experimentation, demonstration and extension of Chinese dryland drought adaptation technology Northwest A&F University 40 professors and students from the College of Agricultural Engineering, the College of Agriculture, and the College of Resources and Environment of Suez Canal University Ismailia, Egypt
April 2013 Seed coating agent in production of wheat and legumes, balanced fertilization of wheat and legumes, and zero-tillage, straw mulching and nitrogen management of wheat and legumes SAAS-IAER and INRA, Morocco 20 technicians, 25 students and 120 local farmers Safi, Morocco
November2012 Dryland wheat cultivation Northwest A&F University 80 farm owners, farm workers and farmers Ismailia, Egypt
June 2012 Rain harvesting and reforestation. Gansu Desert Control Research Institute 6 local technicians and 58 local farmers. Niamey, Niger
Sand dune fixation and desertification control. Gansu Desert Control Research Institute 20 local technicians and 60 local farmers. Zinder, Niger
Dryland maize and millet cultivation Gansu Desert Control Research Institute 4 local technicians, 30 members of the farmer association and 35 local farmers Tava, Niger
February 2014 Drought Early Warning Workshop SAAS-IAER and Zambia Meteorological Department 10 technicians and 3 technical specialists from Zambia Meteorological Department and the College of Agricultural Sciences, the University of Zambia Choma, Zambia
Tab.5  Training sessions provided in China and Africa
Fig.8  The field day and workshop of the Africa Water Action Project held in Safi, Morocco ((a) April 9, 2013; 12:21 P.M.; (b) April 11, 2013; 11:43 A.M.) and the symposium on Drought Early Warning Systems and Adaptation Technology Cooperation held in Taiyuan, China ((c) September 1, 2013; 9:06 A.M.; (d) August 29, 2013; 17:25 P.M.).
Fig.9  Visits to African government officials promoted the publicity of the project. (a) Visit to Dr. Mustafa, the Director of Agriculture Administration of Safi Province, Morocco (October 30, 2012; 11:28 A.M.); (b) visit to Dr. Mulenga, the Permanent Secretary (PS) of Southern Province, Zambia (November 18, 2012; 10:26 A.M.).
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