A potential solution for food security in Kenya: implications of the Quzhou model in China

doi:10.15302/J-FASE-2020359

Front. Agr. Sci. Eng.

2020, Vol. 7

Issue (4) : 406-417 https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2020359

RESEARCH ARTICLE

A potential solution for food security in Kenya: implications of the Quzhou model in China

Xiaoqiang JIAO, Jianbo SHEN, Fusuo ZHANG(

)

National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China

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Abstract

Poor soil fertility due to low nutrient inputs is a major factor limiting grain production in Kenya. Increasing soil fertility for crop productivity in China has implications for food security in Kenya. The purpose of this study was therefore to investigate the historical patterns of grain production, nutrient inputs, soil fertility and policies in Quzhou, a typical agricultural county on the North China Plain, and to compare grain production in Quzhou County and Kenya to identify a potential approach for increasing grain production in Kenya. Grain yields in Quzhou increased from 1 to 3 t·ha⁻¹ between 1961 and 1987 by increasing manure application accompanied by small amounts of chemical fertilizer after soil desalinization. There was a further increase from 3 to 5 t·ha⁻¹ up to 1996 which can be mainly attributed to chemical fertilizer use and policy support. Hence, a beneficial cycle between soil fertility and plant growth in Quzhou grain production was developed and strengthened. In contrast, there was only a slight increase in grain yields in Kenya over this period, resulting from low soil fertility with limited external nutrient inputs, a consequence of poor socioeconomic development. It is suggested that grain yields in Kenya would likely be boosted by the development of a self-reinforcing cycling between soil fertility and plant growth with manure and chemical fertilizer use if supported by policy and socioeconomic development.

Keywords China grain production Kenya soil fertility

Corresponding Author(s): Fusuo ZHANG

Just Accepted Date: 16 October 2020 Online First Date: 29 October 2020 Issue Date: 06 November 2020

Cite this article:

Xiaoqiang JIAO,Jianbo SHEN,Fusuo ZHANG. A potential solution for food security in Kenya: implications of the Quzhou model in China[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2020, 7(4): 406-417.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/10.15302/J-FASE-2020359
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/Y2020/V7/I4/406

Fig.1 Grain per capita (a) and cereal grain yield (b) in Quzhou, China and Kenya from 1961 to 2014. Grain yield represents average yield of maize (Zea mays), wheat (Triticum aestivum), barley (Hordeum vulgare), buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), millet (Pennisetum glaucum), rye (Secale cereale), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), and triticale (Tritico secale). Data from FAOSTAT database (FAO, 2017)^[²^] and Quzhou yearbooks of 1961–2015^[²⁵^]. The two dashed lines in grain yield (b) indicate 3 and 5 t·ha⁻¹.

Fig.2 Nutrient input and surplus (a, for N; c, for P) and the proportion of nutrient (b, for N; d, for P) from manure and fertilizers in Kenya and different yield levels in Quzhou, China from 1961 to 2014. 1–3 t, 3–5 t,>5 t represent the grain yield level per unit area at Quzhou. The time periods for 1–3 t, 3–5 t,>5 t yields are before 1987, 1987–1996, and after 1997, respectively.

Fig.3 Soil organic matter (a), soil total N (b), and soil Olsen-P concentration (c) of the topsoil in Kenya and different yield levels in Quzhou, China from 1961 to 2014. Data from soil survey conducted by Quzhou, China and Kenya governments, published papers and unpublished data sources. The number in brackets is the number of soil samples. 1–3 t, 3–5 t,>5 t represent the grain yield level per unit area in Quzhou. The time period for 1–3 t, 3–5 t,>5 t yields were before 1987, 1987–1996, and after 1997, respectively.

Fig.4 Crop C deposition, which includes crop residual C, root biomass and rhizodeposition C, in the major Quzhou, China and Kenyan croplands in different periods. The methods of calculating crop residual C, root biomass and rhizodeposition C are from Johnson et al.^[³⁰^]. 1–3 t, 3–5 t,>5 t represent the grain yields per unit area in Quzhou. The time period for 1–3 t, 3–5 t,>5 t yields are before 1987, 1987–1996, and after 1997, respectively.

Fig.5 Evolution of grain and fertilizer policies in Quzhou, China (a) and Kenya (b) during different periods.

Fig.6 Relationship between GDP per capita with grain yield (a) and N surplus (b) in the major Quzhou, China and Kenyan croplands in different periods. 1–3 t, 3–5 t,>5 t represent the grain yield level per unit area at Quzhou. The time periods for 1–3 t, 3–5 t,>5 t yields are 1961–1987, 1987–1996, and 1997–2015, respectively.

Fig.7 Conceptual model of a self-reinforcing feedback between soil fertility and plant growth driven by nutrient inputs at Quzhou, that is, the implications for Kenya of soil fertility buildup in grain production in China.

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