SEQUESTERING ORGANIC CARBON IN SOILS THROUGH LAND USE CHANGE AND AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES: A REVIEW

doi:10.15302/J-FASE-2022474

Front. Agr. Sci. Eng.

REVIEW

Lianhai WU(

)

Net Zero and Resilient Farming, Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon, EX20 2SB, UK

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Abstract

● Either increasing C input to or reducing C release from soils can enhance soil C sequestration.

● Afforestation and reforestation have great potential in improving soil C sequestration.

● Long-term observations about the impacts of biochar on soil C sequestration are necessary.

Climate change vigorously threats human livelihoods, places and biodiversity. To lock atmospheric CO₂ up through biological, chemical and physical processes is one of the pathways to mitigate climate change. Agricultural soils have a significant carbon sink capacity. Soil carbon sequestration (SCS) can be accelerated through appropriate changes in land use and agricultural practices. There have been various meta-analyses performed by combining data sets to interpret the influences of some methods on SCS rates or stocks. The objectives of this study were: (1) to update SCS capacity with different land-based techniques based on the latest publications, and (2) to discuss complexity to assess the impacts of the techniques on soil carbon accumulation. This review shows that afforestation and reforestation are slow processes but have great potential for improving SCS. Among agricultural practices, adding organic matter is an efficient way to sequester carbon in soils. Any practice that helps plant increase C fixation can increase soil carbon stock by increasing residues, dead root material and root exudates. Among the improved livestock grazing management practices, reseeding grasses seems to have the highest SCS rate.

Keywords agroecosystems climate change negative emissions technology net zero

Corresponding Author(s): Lianhai WU

Just Accepted Date: 28 November 2022 Online First Date: 13 January 2023

Cite this article:

Lianhai WU. SEQUESTERING ORGANIC CARBON IN SOILS THROUGH LAND USE CHANGE AND AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES: A REVIEW[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 13 January 2023. [Epub ahead of print] doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2022474.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/10.15302/J-FASE-2022474
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/Y/V/I/0

Fig.1 Change in global surface temperature relative to 1951−1980 average temperatures (black line) and monthly atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations observed at NOAA Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii (red line). The blue line is the smoothed conditional means with the 95% confidence band indicated by the gray area. Data sourced from Global Monitoring Laboratory website for CO₂ concentrations^[²^] and Global Climate Change website for temperature^[³^].

Fig.2 Carbon cycling through plants, animals, and soils. Downward arrows indicate carbon input to soils through plant dead materials, animal excreta and external sources.

Tab.1 Soil carbon sequestration rate by afforestation and reforestation (summaries from the literature and other sources as indicated)

Tab.2 Impacts of land use change on soil carbon sequestration rate (Mg·ha⁻¹·yr⁻¹ C)

Practice	Location	System	Period (year)	Soil depth (cm)	Rate
NT vs ST	Global review	–	> 6	Not specified	0.17^[⁹⁴^]
Reduced tillage vs ST	Global review	–	> 6	Not specified	–0.06^[⁹⁴^]
NT vs ST	UK review	–	2−23	30	0.31^[⁹⁵^]
NT vs ST	Central USA review	–	7−100	20	0.27^[⁹⁶^]
NT vs ST	central USA review	–	5−30	30	0.45^[⁹⁶^]
NT vs ST, 240 kg·ha^–1·yr^–1 urea-N & P	Quzhou, China	Wheat-maize	34	20	0.5^[⁹⁷^]
NT vs ST, 2.25 Mg·ha⁻¹·yr⁻¹ straw mulch, 240 kg·ha^–1·yr^–1 urea-N & P	Quzhou, China	Wheat-maize	34	20	0.92^[⁹⁷^]
NT vs ST, 4.5 Mg·ha⁻¹·yr⁻¹ straw mulch, 240 kg·ha^–1·yr^–1 urea-N & P	Quzhou, China	Wheat-maize	34	20	0.68^[⁹⁷^]
NT vs ST, flatbed planting, 260 kg·ha^–1·yr^–1 urea-N, P & K	Tripura (W), India	Maize-maize-pea	2	30	0.53^[⁹⁸^]
NT vs ST, 80 (40 for rotation) kg·ha^–1·yr^–1 N	Madrid, Spain	Winter wheat and wheat-vetch	32	20	0.36^[⁹⁹^]
NT vs ST, straw mulch (NT) or incorporated (ST), 0, 60 or 120 kg·ha^–1·yr^–1 N, P & K	Catalonia, NE Spain	Barley	13	40	0.18^[¹⁰⁰^]
NT vs ST, fertilizer rates and forms varied	Lopburi, Thailand	Maize-mung bean	5	15	−0.06^[¹⁰¹^]
NT vs ST, ridge and furrow planting, 260 kg·ha^–1·yr^–1 urea-N, P & K	Tripura (W), India	Maize-maize-pea	2	30	0.2^[⁹⁸^]
Straw mulch vs removal, NT, 340 kg·ha^–1·yr^–1 urea-N, P & K	Tai’an, China	Wheat-peanut	3	30	0.38^[¹⁰²^]
NT (straw mulch) vs ST (SR), 340 kg ·ha^–1·yr^–1 urea-N, P & K	Tai’an, China	Wheat-peanut	3	30	–0.85^[¹⁰²^]
RT vs ST, SR, 340 kg·ha^–1·yr^–1 urea-N, P & K	Tai’an, China	Wheat-peanut	3	30	–0.6^[¹⁰²^]
Mineral fertilizer (200 kg·ha^–1·yr^–1 urea-N, P & K) vs no fertilizer	Gongzhuling, China	Maize	6	20	0.4^[¹⁰³^]
Mineral fertilizer plus SR (3.2 Mg·ha^–1·yr^–1 C) vs mineral fertilizer (200 kg·ha^–1·yr^–1 urea-N, P & K)	Gongzhuling, China	Maize	6	20	0.4^[¹⁰³^]
Mineral fertilizer plus compost (3.2 Mg·ha^–1·yr^–1C) vs mineral fertilizer (200 kg·ha^–1·yr^–1urea-N, P & K)	Gongzhuling, China	Maize	6	20	0.85^[¹⁰³^]
Mineral fertilizer plus biochar (3.2 Mg·ha^–1·yr^–1C) vs mineral fertilizer (200 kg·ha^–1·yr^–1urea-N, P & K)	Gongzhuling, China	Maize	6	20	2.07^[¹⁰³^]
Organic fertilizer (2.8 Mg·ha⁻¹·yr⁻¹C & 47.2 kg·ha⁻¹·yr⁻¹N) vs no fertilizer	Gujarat, India	Groundnut	16	100	0.63^[¹⁰⁴^]
Organic (1.98 Mg·ha⁻¹·yr⁻¹C & 15.6 kg·ha⁻¹·yr⁻¹N) plus inorganic fertilizers (15.6 kg·ha⁻¹·yr⁻¹N) vs no fertilizer	Gujarat, India	Groundnut	16	100	0.43^[¹⁰⁴^]
Inorganic fertilizer (20:40:40 kg·ha⁻¹·yr⁻¹ N: P₂O₅:K₂O) vs no fertilizer	Gujarat, India	Groundnut	16	100	0.1^[¹⁰⁴^]
Cattle slurry (240 kg·ha⁻¹·yr⁻¹N) vs no input, P, K & S applied	Kiel, Germany	Continuous silage maize	8	30	0.1^[¹⁰⁵^]
Cattle slurry (160 kg·ha⁻¹·yr⁻¹N) vs no input, P, K & S applied	Kiel, Germany	Oats-wheat-pulses rotation	8	30	0.3^[¹⁰⁵^]
Cattle slurry (160 kg·ha⁻¹·yr⁻¹N) vs no input, P, K & S applied	Kiel, Germany	Maize/oats-wheat-ley rotation	8	30	0.4^[¹⁰⁵^]
Organic fertilizer (15 Mg·ha⁻¹·yr⁻¹) vs no fertilizer, P, K, rotation with 100% cereal, SR from barley and rye	Berlin, Germany	Barley-barley-rye-oats	24	20	0.1^[¹⁰⁶^]
Organic fertilizer (15 Mg·ha⁻¹·yr⁻¹) vs no fertilizer, P, K, rotation with 75% cereal, SR from barley and rye	Berlin, Germany	Beets-barley-rye-rye	24	20	nc^[¹⁰⁶^]
Organic fertilizer (15 Mg·ha⁻¹·yr⁻¹) vs no fertilizer, P, K, rotation with 50% cereal, RR from barley and rye	Berlin, Germany	Beets-barley-rye-silage maize	24	20	0.03^[¹⁰⁶^]
Straw incorporated (2.25 Mg·ha⁻¹·yr⁻¹) vs no straw, ST, 240 kg·ha^–1·yr^–1urea-N & P	Quzhou, China	Wheat-maize	34	20	1.76^[⁹⁷^]
Straw incorporated (4.5 Mg·ha⁻¹·yr⁻¹) vs no straw, ST, 240 kg·ha^–1·yr^–1urea-N & P	Quzhou, China	Wheat-maize	34	20	2.44^[⁹⁷^]
Straw mulch vs no organic matter input, fertilizer rates and forms varied	Lopburi, Thailand	Maize-mung bean	5	15	0.39^[¹⁰¹^]
SR vs straw removal, irrigation and inorganic fertilisers (352.5:82.2:146.3 kg·ha⁻¹·yr⁻¹ N:P:K)	Shaanxi, China	Wheat-maize	25	20	0.11^[¹⁰⁷^]
Irrigation vs rainfed, no fertilizer	Shaanxi, China	Wheat-maize	25	20	0.03^[¹⁰⁷^]
Rotation vs continuous	Global review		25 (Average)	22 (Average)	0.15^[¹⁶^]
With vs without catch crop	Argentina	Soybean	8	20	0.09− 0.39^[¹⁰⁸^]

Tab.3 Soil carbon sequestration rate (Mg·ha⁻¹·yr⁻¹ C) by Agricultural practices (summaries from the literature review and other sources as indicated)

Tab.4 Soil carbon sequestration rates (as Mg·ha⁻¹·yr⁻¹ C or percentage change) for various livestock practices (summaries from the literature and other sources as indicated)

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