From plasma to plasmonics: toward sustainable and clean water production through membranes

doi:10.1007/s11705-023-2339-3

Front. Chem. Sci. Eng.

2023, Vol. 17

Issue (12) : 1809-1836 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-023-2339-3

REVIEW ARTICLE

From plasma to plasmonics: toward sustainable and clean water production through membranes

Farah Abuhatab^1,², Omar Khalifa^1,^2,³, Husam Al Araj², Shadi W. Hasan^1,²(

)

¹. Center for Membranes and Advanced Water Technology (CMAT), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, 127788 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
². Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, 127788 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
³. Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA

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Abstract

The increasing demand for potable water is never-ending. Freshwater resources are scarce and stress is accumulating on other alternatives. Therefore, new technologies and novel optimization methods are developed for the existing processes. Membrane-based processes are among the most efficient methods for water treatment. Yet, membranes suffer from severe operational problems, namely fouling and temperature polarization. These effects can harm the membrane’s permeability, permeate recovery, and lifetime. To mitigate such effects, membranes can be treated through two techniques: plasma treatment (a surface modification technique), and treatment through the use of plasmonic materials (surface and bulk modification). This article showcases plasma- and plasmonic-based treatments in the context of water desalination/purification. It aims to offer a comprehensive review of the current developments in membrane-based water treatment technologies along with suggested directions to enhance its overall efficiency through careful selection of material and system design. Moreover, basic guidelines and strategies are outlined on the different membrane modification techniques to evaluate its prerequisites. Besides, we discuss the challenges and future developments about these membrane modification methods.

Keywords water treatment membrane-based process plasma treatment plasma polymerization plasmonic light-to-heat conversion

Corresponding Author(s): Shadi W. Hasan

Online First Date: 31 July 2023 Issue Date: 30 November 2023

Cite this article:

Farah Abuhatab,Omar Khalifa,Husam Al Araj, et al. From plasma to plasmonics: toward sustainable and clean water production through membranes[J]. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2023, 17(12): 1809-1836.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/10.1007/s11705-023-2339-3
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/Y2023/V17/I12/1809

Fig.1 Illustration of TP in the DCMD system.

Fig.2 Membrane modification techniques.

Fig.3 Modes of plasma treatment: (a) ablation, or (b) deposition.

Application		Plasma gas	Membrane/substrate	Membrane performance	Change in membrane morphology		Ref.
Application		Plasma gas	Membrane/substrate	Membrane performance	Physical change	Chemical change	Ref.
Pressure-driven	MF	? Oxidative: O₂	PP^a) membrane	? Reduction in contact angle-superhydrophillic membrane	? Etching; a significant increase in the void volume	? Oxygen implantation membrane surface	[69]
		? Oxidative: O₂	PP^a) membrane	? Increase in the water flux	? Etching; a significant increase in the void volume	? Oxygen implantation membrane surface	[69]
		? Oxidative: H₂O	PC-TE^b) and PET^c)-TE membranes	? Reduction in contact angle	? No significant changes in the membrane morphology	? Oxygen implantation membrane surface	[70]
		? Oxidative: H₂O	PC-TE^b) and PET^c)-TE membranes	? Increase in the water flux	? No significant changes in the membrane morphology	? Oxygen implantation membrane surface	[70]
		? Oxidative: O₂	PP membrane	? Reduction in contact angle	? No significant changes in the membrane morphology	? O₂ containing polar groups membrane surface	[71]
				? Decrease in tensile strength and elongation
				? Lower flux reduction compared to untreated membrane
	UF	? Oxidative: CO₂	PSF membrane	? Reduction in contact angle	? No significant changes in the membrane morphology	? Formation of hydroxyl/carbonyl groups	[72]
				? Increase in the flux recovery
				? Increase in the bio-fouling properties
		? Oxidative: CO₂	PES^d) membrane	? Increase in the water bubble point	? Etching and redeposition	? Formation of hydroxyl/carbonyl groups	[73]
		? Oxidative: CO₂	PES^d) membrane	? Increase glass-transition temperature	? Etching and redeposition	? Formation of hydroxyl/carbonyl groups	[73]
		? Oxidative: H₂O	PSF membrane	? Reduction in contact angle	? Increase in average pore size	? Formation of hydroxyl groups	[74]
		? Oxidative: H₂O	PSF membrane	? Increase in the water flux	? Increase in average pore size	? Formation of hydroxyl groups	[74]
		? Oxidative: H₂O	PES and PE^e) membranes	? Reduction in contact angle	? No significant changes in the membrane morphology	? Formation of oxygen-containing functional groups	[75]
		? Oxidative: H₂O	PES and PE^e) membranes	? Increase in the water flux	? No significant changes in the membrane morphology	? Formation of oxygen-containing functional groups	[75]
		? Reductive: NH₃	PP membrane	? Reduction in contact angle	–	? Formation of hydroxyl/carbonyl groups	[76]
				? Decrease in tensile strength and elongation
				? Lower flux reduction compared to untreated membrane
		? Reductive: NH₃	PP membrane	? Reduction in contact angle	? Increase in average pore size	? Surface hydrophilization (N₂ and O₂)	[77]
				? Increase in the water flux
				? Increase in the anti-fouling properties
		? Reductive: NH₃	PAN membrane	? Reduction in contact angle	? No significant changes in the membrane morphology	? Surface hydrophilization (N₂ and O₂)	[68]
				? Increase in the water flux
				? Decrease in the FDR
				? Increase in the FRR
		? Reductive: NH₃	PSF membrane	? Reduction in contact angle	? Increase in average pore size	? Surface hydrophilization (N₂ and O₂)	[67]
		? Mixture of NH₃/Ar		? Increase in the water flux	? Etching: smoother surface
				? Increase in the anti-fouling properties	? Etching: membrane cross-section
		? Reductive: NH₃	PES membrane	? Reduction in contact angle	? Etching: membrane cross-section	? Surface hydrophilization (N₂ and O₂)	[78]
		? Mixture of NH₃/O₂		? Increase in the water flux
				? Increase in flux recovery
				? Increase in the anti-fouling properties
Pressure-driven	NF	? Oxidative: Air	Commercial polyamide-based TFC^f) membrane	? Reduction in contact angle	? Etching: smoother surface	? Surface hydrophilization (N₂ and O₂)	[79]
		? Inert: Ar		? Increase in the water flux
		? Mixture Air/Ar		? Decrease in the membrane selectivity
				? Decrease in the salt rejection
		? Oxidative: O₂	rGO-CNF^g) composite membrane	? Reduction in contact angle	? Etching: create nanopores	? No chemical changes detected	[80]
		? Oxidative: O₂	rGO-CNF^g) composite membrane	? Increase in the water flux	? Etching: create nanopores	? No chemical changes detected	[80]
		? Inert: Ar	PSF-PPEES^h) composite membrane	? Slight increase in contact angle	? Etching; decrease in pore size and porosity	? No chemical changes detected	[81]
		? Reductive: N₂		? Decrease in the water flux	? Increase roughness
				? Increase in the salt rejection
		? Reductive: NH₃	Commercial polyamide-based TFC membrane	? Reduction in contact angle	? No physical changes detected	? Surface hydrophilization (N₂-containing functional groups)	[28]
				? Increase in the water flux
				? Increase in the salt rejection
				? Increase in the organic anti-fouling properties
	RO	? Inert: Ar	Polyamide-based TFC membrane	? Reduction in contact angle	? Reduced roughness; flattening and fusing of protrusions	? Formation of polar groups as a result of etching and redeposition	[82]
				? Increase in the water flux
				? Increase in the salt rejection
		? Inert: He	Polyamide-based TFC membrane	? Reduction in contact angle	? Rough surface when applying He	? Formation of nitrogen and oxygen functional groups	[83]
		? Oxidative: H₂O		? Increase in the water flux	? Smooth surface when applying H₂O
				? Increase in the salt rejection
		? Oxidative: O₂	TFC polyamide modified with natural clinoptilolite	? Reduction in contact angle	? Decrease in surface roughness	? Formation of Si–OH–Al bonds	[84]
				? Increase in the water flux
				? High fouling recovery ratio
		? Mixture of He/H₂ then O₂	TFC polyamide nano-structured membrane with PMMAⁱ⁾ and PAAm^j)	? High fouling resistance	? Decrease in surface roughness	–	[85]
		? Mixture of He/H₂ then O₂		? High permeability recovery	? Decrease in surface roughness	–	[85]
		? Polymerizable: diglyme	PP feed spacer	? Biofouling minimization	–	? Formation of hydroxyl groups	[86]
		? Polymerizable: triglyme	Commercial polyamide-based TFC membrane	? Reduction in contact angle	? Increase in surface roughness	? Deposition of thin film	[87]
				? Increase in the water flux
				? Improvement in membrane anti-fouling performance
		? Polymerizable: MA	Commercial polyamide-based TFC membrane	? Reduction in contact angle	? Decrease in surface roughness	? Formation of functional groups	[88]
				? Increase in the water flux
				? Reduction in salt rejection
		? Polymerizable: VIM^k)	Commercial polyamide-based TFC membrane	? Reduction in contact angle	? Decrease in surface roughness	? Formation of functional groups	[88]
				? Increase in the water flux
				? Reduction in salt rejection
		? Inert: Ar	HAP particles incorporated into CA membrane	? Increase in the water flux	? Formation of free radicals	? Introduce hydroxyl functional groups on the surface of Hap particles	[30]
		? Polymerizable: CH₄	HAP particles incorporated into CA membrane	? Reduction in salt rejection	? Formation of free radicals		[30]
Pressure-driven	RO	? Oxidative: O₂	Commercial polyamide-based TFC membrane	? Reduction in contact angle	–	? Introduce functional groups on the surface	[89]
		? Inert: Ar		? Increase in the water flux
		? Polymerizable: HEMA^l), MPC^m), SBMAⁿ⁾		? Improvement in membrane anti-fouling performance
	FO	? Inert: Ar	Commercial CTA^o) membrane	? Reduction in contact angle	? Formation of free radicals	? Introduce functional groups on the surface	[90]
		? Oxidative: CO₂		? Increase in water flux
		? Polymerizable: AA^p)		? Excellent anti-protein fouling properties

Tab.1 Application of cold plasma treatment at low pressure for different pressure-driven membrane-based water treatment processes

Tab.2 Application of cold plasma treatment (at low pressure) on thermal-driven membrane water treatment processes

Fig.5 Characteristics of C-PVDF, MP-PVDF and CF₄-MP-PVDF membranes before and after DCMD test. (A-1) and (A-2): contact angles and sliding angles of three membranes before and after DCMD. Reprinted with permission from ref [93], copyright 2019, Elsevier.

Fig.6 Plasmonic nanomaterials that are reviewed in this work.

Fig.7 Fundamentals of selecting plasmonic material.

Fig.8 The volumetric system.

Tab.3 Plasmonic nanofluids applied in DASCs and water desalination/purification processes

Fig.9 Methods of modifying interfacial system with plasmonic material: (a) embedding and (2) deposition.

Plasmonic material classification	Plasmonic material		Substrate	Structural design	Application	Intensity /(kW·m^–2)	Evaporation rate /(kg·m^–2·h^–1)	Energy efficiency/%	Ref.
Metallic	Au		AAO^a) membrane	Black gold thin film coated on membrane	SSG	1	15.62	57	[155]
			PBONF^b) film	Embedded in Multilayer composite film	SSG	1	1.424	83	[156]
			PP Filter paper	Deposited on filter paper	SSG	10	11.97	89	[157]
			Filter paper	Deposited on filter paper	SSG	2.3	1.18	87	[158]
			SWNT porous film	Deposited on film	SSG	1	1	82	[159]
	Ag		Thin film	Seeded growth on thin film	SSG	1	1.38	95.2	[160]
			PVDF membrane	Embedding	VMD	1	25.7 L·m^–2·h^–1	28.4	[148]
			PVDF membrane	Embedding	SGMD	UV radiation	8.6	–	[161]
			PVDF membrane	Embedding + bilayer	DCMD	UV radiation	2.5	53	[162]
			TiO membrane	Double layer	PMD	1	0.82	60	[163]
	Cu		Cellulose membrane	Double layer	SSG	2	–	73	[164]
	Al		AAO membrane	3D structure	SSG	1	1	57	[111]
	In		–	Embedding	SSG	1	–	71.6	[165]
Semiconductors	Copper-based	CuS	PE membrane	Embedding	SSG	1	0.383	63.9	[166]
		Cu_2?xS^c)	PVA gel	Embedding	SSG	1	1.270	87	[167]
		Cu₉S₅^d)	MCE^e) membrane	Double layer	SSG	1	–	60.1	[168]
		Cu₉S₅	PVDF membrane	Embedding	SSG	1	1.173	80	[117]
		CuCr₂O₄	QFG^f) membrane	Embedding	SSG	1	1.319	88	[169]
	TMN	TiN	CW^g)	Double layer	SSG	1	–	80	[170]
		TiN	AA membrane	Double layer	SSG	6.36	8.73	87.7	[171]
		TiN	AAO membrane	Double layer	SSG	1	1.10	78	[172]
		TiN	AAO membrane	Double layer	SSG	1	1.48 L·m^–2·h^–1	92	[173]
		ZrN	AAO membrane	Double layer	SSG	1	1.27	88	[172]
		HfN	AAO membrane	Double layer	SSG	1	1.36	95	[172]
		TiN	PVDF membrane	Double layer	SVGMD	1	1.34	84.5	[174]
		TiN	PVDF membrane	Double layer	DCMD	1	1.01	66.7	[175]
		TiN	PVDF membrane	Double layer	AGMD	1	0.94	64.1	[56]
	TMOs	WO	PLA^h) membrane	Embedding	SSG	IR-lamp	3.81	81.39	[176]
		MoO_x	PTFE membrane	Double layer	SSG	1	1.255	85.6	[122]
		MoO_3?x	ALPⁱ⁾ paper	Double layer	SSG	1	0.99	62.1	[120]
		H-TiO_x	Polymeric film	Embedding	SSG	1	1.49	89.1	[177]
Carbon-based	Graphene	PDA	–	Self-floating membrane	SSG	1	1.37	90	[178]
	MXenes	Ti₃C₂	PVDF membrane	Double layer	SSG	1	–	84	[149]
		Ti₃C₂	MCE membrane	Double layer	SSG	1	1.31	71	[179]
		Ti₃C₂T_x	Cellulose membrane	Double layer	SSG	1	1.44	85.8	[180]
		HM-Mo₅-N₆	–	–	SSG	1	2.48	114.6	[181]
Mixture-3D structure		Au/rGO-GO	Alumina Nanowire Haze Structure	3D structure	SSG	5	–	64	[182]
		Au/TiO₂	AAO membrane	3D structure	SSG	1	4.4	–	[183]
		Au/TiO₂	Polymeric membrane	Double layer	SSG	1	1.3 g·s^–1	–	[184]
		Ag/Pd	wood	Double layer	SSG	3	4.82	95.26	[185]
Mixture-3D structure		Ag/rGO	PVA gel	3D structure	SSG	1	3.2	95.67	[186]
		Ag/SiO₂	TiO₂ shell	3D structure	SSG	1	5.68 L·m^–2·h^–1	–	[187]
		Au/Ag	Cotton	Embedding	SSG	1	1.4	86.3	[153]
		Au/Ag/GO	PU^j) foam	3D structure	SSG	1	1	63	[188]
		Al/TiO₂	PVDF membrane	Embedding	SSG	1	0.5	77.5	[189]
		Ti₃C₂/MWCNT	Hydrophilic mixed cellulose ester filter membrane	Embedding	SSG	1	1.55	90.8	[190]

Tab.4 Various plasmonic-based membranes utilized in SSG and PMD processes

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