Recent advances and practical challenges of high-energy-density flexible lithium-ion batteries

doi:10.1007/s11705-024-2444-y

Front. Chem. Sci. Eng.

2024, Vol. 18

Issue (8) : 91 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-024-2444-y

Recent advances and practical challenges of high-energy-density flexible lithium-ion batteries

Guangxiang Zhang^1,², Xin Chen^1,², Yulin Ma^1,², Hua Huo^1,², Pengjian Zuo^1,², Geping Yin^1,², Yunzhi Gao^1,²(

), Chuankai Fu^1,²(

)

¹. State Key Laboratory of Space Power-Sources, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
². MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China

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Abstract

With the rapid iteration and update of wearable flexible devices, high-energy-density flexible lithium-ion batteries are rapidly thriving. Flexibility, energy density, and safety are all important indicators for flexible lithium-ion batteries, which can be determined jointly by material selection and structural design. Here, recent progress on high-energy-density electrode materials and flexible structure designs are discussed. Commercialized electrode materials and the next-generation high-energy-density electrode materials are analyzed in detail. The electrolytes with high safety and excellent flexibility are classified and discussed. The strategies to increase the mass loading of active materials on the electrodes by designing the current collector and electrode structure are discussed with keys of representative works. And the novel configuration structures to enhance the flexibility of batteries are displayed. In the end, it is pointed out that it is necessary to quantify the comprehensive performance of flexible lithium-ion batteries and simultaneously enhance the energy density, flexibility, and safety of batteries for the development of the next-generation high-energy-density flexible lithium-ion batteries.

Keywords lithium-ion batteries flexibility high energy density safety

Corresponding Author(s): Yunzhi Gao,Chuankai Fu

Just Accepted Date: 19 April 2024 Issue Date: 28 June 2024

Cite this article:

Guangxiang Zhang,Xin Chen,Yulin Ma, et al. Recent advances and practical challenges of high-energy-density flexible lithium-ion batteries[J]. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2024, 18(8): 91.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/10.1007/s11705-024-2444-y
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/Y2024/V18/I8/91

Fig.1 Timeline of FLIBs. (1) Segmented FLIBs. Reprinted with per mission from Ref. [1], copyright 2021, Wiley. (2) Ultra-thin FLIBs. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [22], copyright 2012, American Chemical Society. (3) Metal serpentine FLIBs. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [23], copyright 2013, Springer Nature. (4) Wire-shaped FLIBs. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [24], copyright 2014, Wiley. (5) Bamboo-shaped FLIBs. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [25], copyright 2016, Wiley. (6) Spine-like FLIBs. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [26], copyright 2018, Wiley. (7) DNA spiral-like FLIBs. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [27], copyright 2022, Elsevier. (8) Overlapping FLIBs. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [28], copyright 2023, Wiley.

Fig.2 Strategies for improving the safety, energy density, and flexibility of FLIBs.

Tab.1 The performance of some flexible batteries with inorganic cathode materials

Fig.3 Advanced cathode materials for FLIBs. (a) The structure of FLIBs with LFP@CNF cathode. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [37], copyright 2020, Elsevier. (b) Cycling life of the Mxene@CNF/Li||LFP@CNF full cell. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [37], copyright 2020, Elsevier. (c) Carbonyl position change process. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [46], copyright 2023, Wiley. (d) The charging/discharging curves of o-TT and TT organic cathode. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [46], copyright 2023, Wiley.

Fig.4 Advanced anode materials for FLIBs. (a) Preparation of Li-Sn alloy. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [55], copyright 2021, Wiley. (b) Pouch battery with Li-Sn alloy. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [55], copyright 2021, Wiley. (c) Strategies of protecting Li anode. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [58], copyright 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry; Ref. [59], copyright 2019, Wiley; Ref. [60], copyright 2021, Wiley. (d) Preparation of VGAs@Si@CNFs anode. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [63], copyright 2022, Wiley. (e) Electrochemical performance of VGAs@Si@CNFs anode; (f) flexible pouch battery with VGAs@Si@CNFs anode. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [63], copyright 2022, Wiley.

Fig.5 Design strategies of flexible electrolytes.

Fig.6 Design strategies for polymer electrolytes. (a) SEM images before and after PEO/lithium salts infiltration into the porous film. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [83], copyright 2019, Springer Nature. (b) Simulation model of Li⁺ transport in the z-aligned PEO system. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [83], copyright 2019, Springer Nature. (c) Crosslinking process of self-healing solid polymer electrolyte. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [86], copyright 2019, Wiley. (d) Pouch battery with the self-healing solid polymer electrolyte. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [86], copyright 2019, Wiley. (e) Schematic of the intermolecular hydrogen binding effect between PVDF-HFP and PEO in the PHPG polymer. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [89], copyright 2018, Wiley. (f) Cycling life of the flexible electrolyte under flat, curling, and folding state at 2 C. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [89], copyright 2018, Wiley.

Fig.7 Design strategies of flexible electrodes.

Fig.8 Design strategies of current collectors for FLIBs. (a) SEM images of the patterned Al and Cu foil. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [97], copyright 2014, American Chemical Society. (b) Ragone plot of the charging rate performance. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [97], copyright 2014, American Chemical Society. (c) The schematic synthesis process of the N-doped porous CC materials (CC-FeD). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [103], copyright 2016, Elsevier. (d) Cycling life of the CC-FeD//CC-LCO all-FLIB at 1.0 mA·cm^–2. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [103], copyright 2016, Elsevier. (e) Cycling performance of the FLIB with modified CC anode at different folding numbers. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [104], copyright 2018, Royal Society of Chemistry. (f) Rate performance of the LTO-CMF battery. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [109], copyright 2018, Royal Society of Chemistry. (g) Qualitative proof of insensitivity of the LTO-CMF battery toward folding. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [109], copyright 2018, Royal Society of Chemistry.

Tab.2 The energy density and flexibility of reported wire-type and sheet-type FLIBs

Fig.9 Flexible separators.

Fig.10 Flexibility evaluation methods and safety improvement strategies for FLIBs. (a) Description of the bending state of the pouch cell. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [135], copyright 2021, Wiley. (b) Charge-discharge performance of the LCO/Li coin cells using the PM/PP separators with a 5?μm thick PM layer at various temperatures. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [151], copyright 2020, Elsevier. (c) Cycling performance at 0.5?C of the LCO/Li coin cells with the PM/PP or bare PP separators at 25?°C. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [151], copyright 2020, Elsevier. (d) Schematic illustration of smart thermal responsive behavior in cell and the corresponding free radical polymerization mechanism under thermal abuse conditions. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [31], copyright 2021, Wiley. (e) Charging/discharging process of pouch battery with smart thermal responsive material at 150 °C. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [31], copyright 2021, Wiley.

Fig.11 Correlation of energy density, flexibility, and safety of FLIBs.

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