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Front. Eng    2020, Vol. 7 Issue (1) : 63-80    https://doi.org/10.1007/s42524-019-0059-7
REVIEW ARTICLE
Risks of modular integrated construction: A review and future research directions
Ibrahim Yahaya WUNI1(), Geoffrey Qiping SHEN1, Bon-Gang HWANG2
1. Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
2. Department of Building, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117566, Singapore
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Abstract

Stakeholders remain skeptical in adopting modular integrated construction (MiC) because of the associated risks and uncertainties, although its benefits have been extensively documented. The unique business model of MiC nurtures several risks and uncertainties different from those of the conventional construction approach. Despite the growing attention on MiC with its market expansion, no systematic evaluation is in place to monitor its risks research progress. Accordingly, this research reviewed published literature addressing the risks associated with MiC from 1992 to 2019. Analysis reveals that the research publications on risks of MiC witnessed a steady growth, with considerable progress occurring in the last decade. Result implies that the risk of MiC has gained extra attention in the construction engineering and management domain in recent times. Existing empirical studies have focused heavily on perceived implementation risks, supply chain risks, schedule risks, investment risks, structural risks, ergonomic risks, and MiC risk management strategies, which indicate that MiC is associated with a host of risk events. The research further identified the critical risk events (CREs) in the application of MiC based on frequency of occurrence. The identified CREs contributes to the checklists of risk events in the implementation of offsite construction (OSC). The latter may be useful in risk planning, especially where the MiC is less developed, and fewer or no bespoke risk assessment exists. Research gaps in existing studies are highlighted in this research, and areas for further studies are then proposed. Thus, it makes a useful contribution to the scholarly literature on the risk of OSC and may prove useful to offsite construction researchers, industry practitioners, and project managers.
Keywords modular integrated construction      off-site construction      risk events      review     
Corresponding Author(s): Ibrahim Yahaya WUNI   
Just Accepted Date: 15 November 2019   Online First Date: 09 December 2019    Issue Date: 02 March 2020
 Cite this article:   
Ibrahim Yahaya WUNI,Geoffrey Qiping SHEN,Bon-Gang HWANG. Risks of modular integrated construction: A review and future research directions[J]. Front. Eng, 2020, 7(1): 63-80.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fem/EN/10.1007/s42524-019-0059-7
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fem/EN/Y2020/V7/I1/63
Fig.1  Stages of the modular integrated construction process.
S.N. Reference ?S.N. Reference
1 Gustavsson et al. (1992) ?28 Li et al. (2017a)
2 Dawood (1995a) ?29 Li et al. (2017b)
3 Dawood (1995b) ?30 Li et al. (2017c)
4 Gibb and Neale (1997) ?31 Love et al. (2017)
5 Chiang et al. (2006) ?32 Salama et al. (2017)
6 Hassim et al. (2008) ?33 Shahtaheri et al. (2017)
7 Polat (2008) ?34 Jiang et al. (2018b)
8 Hassim et al. (2009) ?35 Xue et al. (2017)
9 Nahmens and Ikuma (2009) ?36 Jiao and Li (2018)
10 Blismas and Wakefield (2009) ?37 Jiang et al. (2018a)
11 Kim et al. (2011) ?38 Lin et al. (2019)
12 Ikuma et al. (2011) ?39 Li et al. (2018a)
13 Kim et al. (2012) ?40 Li et al. (2018b)
14 Azman et al. (2013) ?41 Havinga and Schellen (2018)
15 Chiu et al. (2013) ?42 Hwang et al. (2018)
16 Li et al. (2013) ?43 Ji et al. (2018)
17 James et al. (2014) ?44 Gan et al. (2018)
18 Rahman (2014) ?45 Hsu et al. (2018)
19 Zhai et al. (2014) ?46 Taghaddos et al. (2018)
20 Mao et al. (2015) ?47 Xue et al. (2018)
21 Luo et al. (2015) ?48 Wang et al. (2018a)
22 Li et al. (2016) ?49 Wang et al. (2018b)
23 Segura et al. (2016) ?50 Li et al. (2019)
24 Adekunle and Nikolopoulou (2016) ?51 Luo et al. (2019)
25 Fard et al. (2017) ?52 Wu et al. (2019)
26 Hong et al. (2017) ?53 Bortolini et al. (2019)
27 Lee and Kim (2017) ?54 Enshassi et al. (2019)
Tab.1  Bibliographic summary of the included studies
Fig.2  Flowchart of the systematic literature retrieval, screening, and selection procedure.
Fig.3  Annual publication trend on the risks associated with MiC from 1992 to 2019.
Name of Journal Number of Articles (N = 54)
Journal of Cleaner Production 11
Automation in Construction 7
Journal of Management in Engineering 4
Building and Environment 3
Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 3
Journal of Architectural Engineering 2
Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 2
Construction Management and Economics 2
Sustainability 2
Construction Innovation 1
American Journal of Applied Sciences 1
Applied Sciences 1
Archives of Civil Engineering 1
Buildings 1
Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 1
Engineering, Construction, and Architectural Management 1
Ergonomics 1
European Journal of Social Sciences 1
American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1
Habitat International 1
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing ?Technology 1
Lean Construction Journal 1
Applied Ergonomics 1
International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion 1
Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 1
KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 1
Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 1
Tab.2  Active journals on the risk of MiC studies
Research theme Sub-themes % of papers
Implementation risks MiC adoption risks, risk perceptions, sources of risks, implementation uncertainties, perceived barriers, project failures, MiC project management problems 9
Supply chain risks Stakeholder management risks, fragmented and complex network of stakeholders, complex coordination of supply chain stages, supply chain management constraints, complexity in optimal supply chain configuration, supply chain disturbances 19
Schedule risks MiC project delays, modular component delivery delays, scheduling uncertainties, schedule delay risk events, component assembly challenges 10
Investment risks High setup capital, long break-even periods, market demand for modular homes, volatile economic conditions, public consumption habits 6
Structural risks Complexity in structural design for high-risk MiC projects, structural integrity issues, vertical connections of modular components, complex multi-interfaces, dimensional and geometric tolerances, multi-hazard design, stable seismic performance, structural resilience, gravitational load of floor slabs, eccentricities, deterioration of components, dampness 13
Ergonomic risks Health and safety of factory workers, fall injuries, low back pains, awkward working postures, spinal comprehensive and shear forces, fatigue, work-related musculoskeletal disorders 15
Risks management strategies Time and space hedging, integrated building information modeling platforms, smart construction monitoring, integrated project delivery, stakeholder collaborative management, optimal supply chain configuration, tolerance risk management, automated ergonomic risk management, lean production and management 28
Tab.3  Percentages of papers addressing the seven major research themes
Risk event Freq. Rank
Delay in modular component delivery 9 1
Supply chain disruptions and disturbances 9 1
Inefficient scheduling 8 3
Defects in design, change order, and change in project scope 7 4
Complex stakeholder composition 6 5
Crane breakdown and malfunction 6 5
Insufficient information coordination among project participants 6 5
Modular installation error 6 5
Weather disruptions 6 5
Exposure to fumes, noise, and toxic compounds in modular production plant 5 10
Flexing, warping, and damage from transportation and handling 5 10
Manual inspecting, unwrapping, lining up, unhooking, screwing, and welding of modular components 5 10
Modular production materials and component shortages 5 10
Insufficient capacity of modular manufacturers and suppliers 4 14
Complex interfacing between modules 3 15
Geometric conflicts between components during manufacturing and between modules and site interfaces 3 15
Long distance between modular production plant and construction site 3 15
Dimensional and geometric variabilities 3 15
Modular production system failure 2 19
Tab.4  Primary risk events in the implementation of MiC
Fig.4  Risk breakdown structure of MiC.
Fig.5  Current and future research framework on the risks of MiC.
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