Effectiveness of basin morphometry, remote sensing, and applied geosciences on groundwater recharge potential mapping: a comparative study within a small watershed

doi:10.1007/s11707-016-0558-3

Front. Earth Sci.

2016, Vol. 10

Issue (2) : 274-291 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-016-0558-3

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Effectiveness of basin morphometry, remote sensing, and applied geosciences on groundwater recharge potential mapping: a comparative study within a small watershed

Suvendu ROY(

),Abhay Sankar SAHU

Department of Geography, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia-741235, West Bengal, India

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Abstract

A multidisciplinary approach using the integrated field of geosciences (e.g., geomorphology, geotectonics, geophysics, and hydrology) is established to conduct groundwater recharge potential mapping of the Kunur River Basin, India. The relative mean error (RME) calculation of the results of three applied techniques and water table data from twenty-four observation wells in the basin over the 2000-2010 period are presented. Nine sub-basins were identified and ranked for the RME calculation, where the observation wells-based ranking was taken as standard order for comparison. A linear model has been developed using six factors (drainage density, surface slope, ruggedness index, lineament density, Bouguer gravity anomaly, and potential maximum water retention capacity) and a grid-wise weighted index. In a separate comparative approach, the sub-basin and grid-wise analyses have been conducted to identify the suitable spatial unit for watershed level hydrological modeling.

Keywords groundwater basin morphometry SCS curve number geosciences geoinformatics

Corresponding Author(s): Suvendu ROY

Just Accepted Date: 14 January 2016 Online First Date: 16 March 2016 Issue Date: 05 April 2016

Cite this article:

Suvendu ROY,Abhay Sankar SAHU. Effectiveness of basin morphometry, remote sensing, and applied geosciences on groundwater recharge potential mapping: a comparative study within a small watershed[J]. Front. Earth Sci., 2016, 10(2): 274-291.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/10.1007/s11707-016-0558-3
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/Y2016/V10/I2/274

Fig.1 Location map of the study area with sub-basins and major aquifer system over the Ajay-Damodar interfluve (inset) (Source: CGWB, 2014).

Tab.1 The major aquifers in the study area and their different characteristic with geological formation period and covering area in the KRB (Source: CGWB, 2014)

Morphometric parameters	Formulas	Followed by	Role or relation with groundwater development	Applied by
Stream Order (u)	Hierarchical rank	Strahler (1964)	(–ive)
Stream Frequency (S_f)	S_f = SN_u / A where S_f =Stream frequency; SN_u = Total no. of streams of all orders; A=Area of the Basin (km²)	Horton (1932,1945)	(–ive)	Biswas et al., 1999; Subba Rao, 2009
Drainage Density (D_d)	D_d= SL_u / A where D_d = Drainage Density (km/km²); SL_u = Total length of streams of all orders in km; A=Area of the Basin (km²)	Horton (1932,1945 )	(–ive)	Todd and Mays, 2005
Drainage Texture (D_t)	D_t = D_d× S_f where S_f =Stream frequency and D_d = Drainage Density (km/km²)	Horton (1945)	(–ive)	Smith 1950; Kale and Gupta, 2001
Stream Length Ratio (S_tr)	S_tr = L_u / L_u-1 where, Lu= Total stream length of order ‘ u ’; L_{u- l} = The total stream length of its next lower order	Horton (1945)	(–ive)	Pakhmode et al., 2003; Sreedevi et al., 2005
Bifurcation Ratio (R_b)	R_b =Nu /N_u-1; where R_b =Bifurcation ratio; N_u =Total no. of stream segments of order ‘ u ’; N_u-l = Number of segments of the next higher order	Schumm (1956)	(–ive)	Pakhmode et al., 2003; Biswas et al., 1999; Avinash et al., 2011
Mean Bifurcation Ratio (BR)	B_R = Average of bifurcation ratios of all orders	Strahler (1957)	(–ive)
Form Factor (F_f)	F_f = A / L² where, A=Area of the basin (km²); L=Basin length (km)	Horton (1932,1945)	(–ive)	Biswas et al., 1999; Subba Rao, 2009
Elongation Ratio (E_R)	E_r =1.128√(A / L) where, A=Area of the basin (km²); L=Basin length (km)	Schumm (1956)	(+ive)	Obi Reddy et al., 2004, Manu and Anirudhan, 2008
Circularity Ratio (C_r)	C_r = 4 p A / P² where, A= Area of the basin (km²); P=Perimeter (km); p = 3.1415	Miller (1953), Strahler (1964)	(–ive)	Miller,1953; Biswas et al., 1999; Avinash et al., 2011
Shape Factor (SF)	Bs= L² / A where, L=Basin length (km); A=Area of the basin (km²)	Horton (1932)	(+ive)	Biswas et al., 1999
Compactness Co-efficient (C_c)	C_c = 0.2821 P/ A^0.5 where, P= Perimeter (km); A= Area of the basin (km²)	Gravelius (1914)	(+ive)	Gravelius, 1914; Hidore, 1964; Avinash et al., 2011
Constant of Channel Maintenance (C_m)	C_m = 1/ D_d where, D_d = Drainage density	Schumm (1956)	(+ive)	Subba Rao, 2009; Avinash et al., 2011
Length of overland flow (L_o)	L_o = 1 / 2D_d where, D_d =Drainage density	Horton (1945)	(+ive)	Horton, 1945; Avinash et al., 2011
Basin Relief (B_r)	B_r = H – h, where, H=Maximum elevation in meter and h= Minimum elevation in meter	Hadley and Schumm (1961)	(–ive)	Hadley and Schumm, 1961; Subba Rao, 2009
Relief Ratio (R_r)	R_r = R / L; where, R= Basin relief; L= Longest axis in kilometre	Schumm (1956)	(–ive)	Srinivasa et al., 2008; Subba Rao, 2009
RuggednessIndex ( RI)	RI= B_r× D_d where, RI=Ruggedness Index; B_r =Basin relief; D_d =Drainage density	Schumm (1956)	(–ive)	Biswas et al., 1999; Subba Rao, 2009
Mean Slope (S)	ASTER data based	Arc GIS v.9.3	(–ive)	Biswas et al., 1999; Avinash et al., 2011
Stream Gradient Ratio (S_g )	S_g = (a - b )/ Lwhere S_g =Stream Gradient ratioa=Elevation at sourceb=Elevation at mouthL=Longest axis in kilometre	Sreedevi et al., (2005)	(–ive)	Suja Rose and Krishnan, 2009
Travel Time (T_t)	Tt= KL/ √S, where, K= a proportional constant, L= Length of Main Stream, S= Slope of the Stream between two points	Kirpich (1940)	(+ive)	Chow, 1964; Raghunath, 2013

Tab.2 Techniques of different morphometric indices and their relationship with groundwater development

Tab.3 Techniques of different morphometric indices and their relationship with groundwater development

Tab.4 Sub-basin wise extracted values of eighteen morphometric parameters of KRB

Tab.5 Sub-basin wise groundwater recharge potential ranking based on morphometric parameters of the KRB

Tab.6 Potential maximum retention and direct runoff characteristics of nine Sub-basin of the KRB during a strom event (19th September, 2000) using SCS curve number method

Fig.2 (a-f): Applied indices from different field of geosciences to identify the groundwater recharge potential area over the Kunur River Basin.

Fig.3 Panel diagram showing the lithological condition in the Interfluve region of Ajay and Kunur rivers (Source: modified of Niyogi, 1985)

Tab.7 Role of land cover type on soil surface infiltration (after NIH, 1996-1997)

Fig.4 Groundwater recharge potential map of the Kunur River Basin.

Fig.5 Selected windows (W) for the case studies; (a) represents the highest potential zone for groundwater recharge due to the presence of numerous palaeochannels; (b) shows another excellent zone for groundwater recharge due to dense and healthy sal (shorea robusta) forest cover with higher NDVI values; (c) shows the extended urban area (DMC) acting as land impervious to recharge, and (d) is the zone of intensive agricultural cultivation and a poor zone for groundwater recharge.

Fig.6 Average seasonal fluctuation [post monsoon ─ pre monsoon] of the groundwater table over the KRB for the last decade (2000-2010), W1–W4 are showing the reference windows used in recharge potential map.

Tab.8 Sub-basin wise ranking on the potentiality of groundwater recharge form different techniques to calculate the average relative mean error (RME)

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