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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

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Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2021, Vol. 15 Issue (2) : 23    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-020-1315-0
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Stress-related ecophysiology of members of the genus Rhodanobacter isolated from a mixed waste contaminated subsurface
Om Prakash1,2,5(), Stefan J. Green3,4, Pooja Singh6, Puja Jasrotia1, Joel E. Kostka5()
1. Earth Ocean and Atmospheric Science Department, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
2. National Centre for Microbial Resource, National Centre for Cell Science, Maharashtra, Pune-411007, India
3. Genome Research Core, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
4. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
5. Georgia Institute of Technology Schools of Biology and Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
6. Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Lavale, Pune-412115, India
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Abstract

• Rhodanobacter spp. are dominant in acidic, high nitrate and metal contaminated sites.

• Dominance of Rhodanobacter is likely due to tolerance to low pH and heavy metals.

• High organic content increases stress tolerance capacity.

• Longer incubation time is critical for accurate assessment of MIC (various stresses).

This work examines the physiologic basis of stress tolerance in bacterial strains of the genus Rhodanobacter that dominate in the acidic and highly metal contaminated near-source subsurface zone of the Oak Ridge Integrated Field Research Challenge (ORIFRC) site. Tolerance of R. denitrificans to levels of different stresses were studied in synthetic groundwater medium and R2A broth. Two strains of R. denitrificans, strains 2APBS1T and 116-2, tolerate low to circumneutral pH (4–8), high Uranium (1 mmol/L), elevated levels of nitrate (400 mmol/L) and high NaCl (2.5%). A combination of physiologic traits, such as growth at low pH, increased growth in the presence of high organics concentration, and tolerance of high concentrations of nitrate, NaCl and heavy metals is likely responsible for dominance of Rhodanobacter at the ORIFRC site. Furthermore, extended incubation times and use of low carbon media, better approximating site groundwater conditions, are critical for accurate determination of stress responses. This study expands knowledge of the ecophysiology of bacteria from the genus Rhodanobacter and identifies methodological approaches necessary for acquiring accurate tolerance data.
Keywords Rhodanobacter      Uranium      Nitrate      Metals      Stress tolerance     
Corresponding Author(s): Om Prakash,Joel E. Kostka   
Issue Date: 09 September 2020
 Cite this article:   
Om Prakash,Stefan J. Green,Pooja Singh, et al. Stress-related ecophysiology of members of the genus Rhodanobacter isolated from a mixed waste contaminated subsurface[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2021, 15(2): 23.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-020-1315-0
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2021/V15/I2/23
Strains Site of isolation pH range Change in pH Growth on NO3 N2O Production
2APBS1T Area 2 4–8 4 to 6.5 + + + + +
116-2 Area 3 4–7 4 to 5.6 + + + + +
116-5 Area 3 4–9 4 to 6 + + + + +
116-3 Area 3 5–10 5 to 7.5 + + + +
114 R Area 3 5–8 5 to 7.6 + ?
410-1 Area 3 3–9 4 to 3.9 + ?
116-G Area 3 3–11 4 to 4.9 + ?
115 R Area 3 5–8 5 to 7 + ?
Tab.1  Physiologic properties of Rhodanobacter strains isolated from the uranium- and nitrate-contaminated subsurface of the ORIFRC site
Fig.1  Change in pH and growth response of R.denitrificans strain 2APBS1T isolated from Area 2 of the ORIFRC site. pH and optical density increased when cells were grown in rich medium (R2A) (a), while the pH of the medium decreased with a concomitant increase in the optical density of cultures grown in SGM supplemented with dextrose (b).
Heavy metal Concentration range in Area 3
(mmol/L)		 MIC of 2APBS1T
(mmol/L)		 MIC of 116-2
(mmol/L)
Zinc 0.4–2.0 (14.7) 1.0 0.8
Nickel 3.2–19.3 (84) 0.8 0.8
Cobalt 0.2–1.2 (5) 0.6 0.2
Cadmium 0.07–0.6 (3.3) 0.02 0.1
Copper 0.2–1.9 (14.2) 1.0 0.8
Uranium 10–66 (155) 0.5 0.5
Tab.2  Table 2(a) Concentrations of heavy metals present in the highly mixed waste contaminated subsurface of the ORIFRC site (Area 3) and the tolerance capacity of R. denitrificans strains 2APBS1T and 116-2 in R2A broth (at pH 6.5) after 72 h of incubation with these metals. Numbers in parenthesis indicate maximum recorded metal concentration at the ORIFRC site
Fig.2  Growth of R. denitrificans strains 2APBS1T and 116-2 in the presence of Zn, Co, Cd, and Cu. Values are the means of three biological replicates with standard deviations shown.
Parameter Concentration range in Area 3 2APBS1T 116-2
pH 3.2–6.5 4–8 4–8
Temperature (°C) 21–28 10–35 10–35
Salinity 1.3–10.3 mg/L 2.5% 2.5%
Nitrate (mmol/L) 10–194 400 400
Nitrite (mmol/L) ND 100 100
Tab.3  Table 2(b) Tolerance of R. denitrificans strains 2APBS1T and 116-2 to the stresses present in the contaminated subsurface at the ORIFRC site. Isolates were grown in R2A broth at pH 6.5 (except pH measurements)
Fig.3  Effect of extended incubation on growth of R. denitrificans strains in the presence of U and Ni. (a) At 72 h of incubation, neither R. denitrificans 2APBS1T or 116-2 showed growth at 1 mmol/L uranyl acetate (MIC values were 0.5 mmol/L). Extended incubation for 15 days resulted in robust growth at concentrations up to 1 mmol/L uranyl acetate. (b) At 72 h of incubation, R. denitrificans 2APBS1T and 116-2 had Ni MICs of 0.8 mmol/L. Extended incubation for 15 days resulted in growth at concentrations up to 8 and 10 mmol/L for strains 2APBS1T and 116-2, respectively.
Fig.4  Effect of organic content on stress tolerance. Inhibitory effects of uranyl-acetate for R. denitrificans strains 2APBS1T and 116-2 were lower in 5-fold diluted tryptic soy broth (TSB) medium as compared with 10-fold diluted TSB.
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