Research progress and prospect of low-carbon biological technology for nitrate removal in wastewater treatment

doi:10.1007/s11783-024-1840-3

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2024, Vol. 18

Issue (7) : 80 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-024-1840-3

Research progress and prospect of low-carbon biological technology for nitrate removal in wastewater treatment

Ru Zheng^1,², Kuo Zhang³, Lingrui Kong^1,², Sitong Liu^1,²(

)

¹. College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
². Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing 100871, China
³. Eco-Environment and Resource Efficiency Research Laboratory, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China

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Abstract

● n-DAMO achieves simultaneous nitrogen removal and methane emission reduction.

● Photosynthetic microorganisms achieve negative carbon emission by absorbing CO₂.

● PEDeN is an emerging low-carbon denitrification technology using photoelectrons.

● Solar-driven low-carbon nitrogen removal system is the future trend.

Wastewater treatment plants are the major energy consumers and significant sources of greenhouse gas emissions, among which biological nitrogen removal of wastewater is an important contributor to carbon emissions. However, traditional heterotrophic denitrification still has the problems of excessive residual sludge and the requirement of external carbon sources. Consequently, the development of innovative low-carbon nitrate removal technologies is necessary. This review outlines the key roles of sulfur autotrophic denitrification and hydrogen autotrophic denitrification in low-carbon wastewater treatment. The discovered nitrate/nitrite dependent anaerobic methane oxidation enables sustainable methane emission reduction and nitrogen removal by utilizing available methane in situ. Photosynthetic microorganisms exhibited a promising potential to achieve carbon-negative nitrate removal. Specifically, the algal-bacterial symbiosis system and photogranules offer effective and prospective low-carbon options for nitrogen removal. Then, the emerging nitrate removal technology of photoelectrotrophic denitrification and the underlying photoelectron transfer mechanisms are discussed. Finally, we summarize and prospect these technologies, highlighting that solar-driven biological nitrogen removal technology is a promising area for future sustainable wastewater treatment. This review has important guiding significance for the design of low-carbon wastewater treatment systems.

Keywords Carbon emissions Low-carbon Biological nitrogen removal Denitrification

Corresponding Author(s): Sitong Liu

Issue Date: 27 March 2024

Cite this article:

Ru Zheng,Kuo Zhang,Lingrui Kong, et al. Research progress and prospect of low-carbon biological technology for nitrate removal in wastewater treatment[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2024, 18(7): 80.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-024-1840-3
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2024/V18/I7/80

Fig.1 (a) The SAD process is coupled after partial-nitrification/anammox; (b) the partial-nitrification/anammox are coupled with the SAD process in a single reactor; (c) partial-nitrification and SAD process; (d) inter-conversions between different forms of N and S mediated by SOB.

Tab.1 The nitrogen removal performance of different SAD-based coupling processes

Tab.2 The nitrogen removal performance of various HAD-based coupling processes

Reactor	Operational conditions	Biomass	Nitrogen removal rate (kg N/(m³·d))	Ref.
MBfR	T: 30 ± 1 °C $C N H 4 + − N$ : 470 mg/L $C N O 2 − N$ : 560 mg/L	biofilm	1	Liu et al. (2020b)
one-stage MBfR	T: 30 ± 1 °C $C N H 4 + − N$ : 1030 mg/L	biofilm	1.5	Liu et al. (2019)
UASB	T: 30 ± 0.5 °C $C N H 4 + − N$ : 500 mg/L $C N O 2 − N$ : 550 mg/L	granule	1	Liu et al. (2021a)
MBfR	T: / $C N H 4 + − N$ : 22 mg/L $C N O 2 − N$ : 29.5 mg/L	biofilm	0.28	Xie et al. (2018)
MGSR	T:　10–20 °C $C N H 4 + − N$ : 23 mg/L $C N O 2 − N$ : 47 mg/L	granule	0.94 (20 °C)0.55 (10 °C)	Fan et al. (2021)

Tab.3 The operational conditions and performance of different PN-n-DAMO-anammox processes

Fig.2 Uptake and transport mechanism of inorganic nitrogen in algae and their fate.

Fig.3 (a) Confocal laser scanning (CLSM) microscopy image of a photogranule cross section; (b) Model of metabolite exchange in photogranules between Filamentous cyanobacteria and symbiotic bacteria.

Tab.4 The operational conditions and performance of different photosynthetic microorganisms-based processes

Tab.5 The operational conditions and nitrogen removal performance of different photoelectrotrophic denitrification systems

Fig.4 The photoelectron transfer mechanism involved in photoelectrotrophic denitrification.

Tab.6 The advantages, disadvantages, and challenges of various denitrification technologies

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